propagating wave
a wave that exhibits a
spatial shift as time advances. Mathemat-
ically, a propagating wave is described by
f (t − r/v
p
), where f is some function, t
is the temporal variable,
r is the spatial vari-
able, and
v
p
is the phase velocity of the wave.
propagation
the motion of electromag-
netic waves through a medium or free space.
propagation constant
a complex con-
stant whose real part is the wave attenuation
constant (nepers attenuation per unit length)
and whose imaginary part is the wave phase
constant (radian phase shift per unit length).
See also
phase constant
.
propagation delay
(1) the delay be-
tween transmission and reception of a signal.
Caused by the finite velocity of electromag-
netic propagation.
(2) the delay time between the applica-
tion of an input signal to a chain of circuit
elements and the appearance of the resulting
output signal.
(3) the time it takes for a transistor switch
to respond to an input signal, symbolized
t
pd
.
It is calculated between the 50% rise point to
the 50% fall point or vice-versa (see graph of
typical inverter gate).
Propagation delay for a typical inverter gate.
The time from when the input logic level
to a device is changed until the resultant out-
put change is produced by that device.
propagation delay time
See
propagation
delay
.
propagation factor
the ratio of the elec-
tric field intensity in a medium to its value if
the propagation took place in free space.
propagation mode
(1) in radio commu-
nication, refers to the manner in which ra-
dio signals propagate from the transmitting
antenna to the receiving antenna.
Radio
waves can be reflected from the ionized lay-
ers within the ionosphere. Scatter modes of
propagation also exist, and in these modes,
propagation from the transmitting to receiv-
ing antennas is largely the result of scattering
of the radio waves by dust and other particles
in the troposphere. The ionized trails of me-
teors can also act as scatterers.
(2) in waveguides, used at microwave fre-
quencies, propagation mode refers to the ar-
rangement of electrical and magnetic fields
within the waveguide. Modes can be classi-
fied as being transverse electric (TE) or trans-
verse magnetic (TM), depending on whether
the electric field or magnetic field is trans-
verse to the direction of wave propagation
within the waveguide. The mode that exists
for the lowest frequency that can be transmit-
ted by the waveguide is known as the domi-
nant mode of the waveguide.
propagation path
the route along which
a radio wave propagates from the transmit-
ting antenna to the receiving antenna. If this
is a straight line, the path is a line of sight
path. Otherwise, reflection, diffraction, and
other phenomena may change the direction
of propagation so that the path can be en-
visioned as made up of several straight-line
segments. See also
line of sight
,
multipath
propagation
.
proper 2-D transfer matrix
the 2-D
transfer matrix
T (z
1
, z
2
) =
N(z
1
, z
2
)
d(z
1
, z
2
)
N(z
1
, z
2
) ∈ R
p×m
[
z
1
, z
2
]
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC