parity bit
an extra bit included in a bi-
nary sequence to make the total number of
1’s (including itself) either odd or even. For
instance, for the following binary sequence
101, one would insert a parity bit P(odd)=1
to make the total number of 1’s odd; a parity
bit P(even)=0 would be inserted to make this
number even. See also
error detecting code
.
parity check matrix
a matrix whose rows
are orthogonal to the rows in the generator
matrix of a linear forward error control block
code. A nonzero result of element-wise fi-
nite field multiplication of the demodulated
word by this matrix indicates the presence of
symbol errors in the demodulated word.
Is generated from the parity check poly-
nomial of any linear
(n, k) code and has di-
mension of
(n − k × n). It is used by the
decoder for error detection by checking the
parity bits.
parity detection circuit
a parity check
logic incorporated within the processor to fa-
cilitate the detection of internal parity errors
(reading data from caches, internal buffers,
external data, and address parity errors).
parity-check code
a binary linear block
code.
Park’s transformation
a change of vari-
ables represented by a linear matrix multi-
plication used in the analysis of electric ma-
chines. See
rotor reference frame
.
parking
on a bus, a priority scheme that
allows a bus master to gain control of the bus
without arbitration.
parse tree
the tree that is used for parsing
strings of a given language.
Parseval’s equation
See
Parseval’s
theorem
.
Parseval’s theorem
a relationship that
states that the integral of the square of the
magnitude of a periodic function is the sum
of the square of the magnitude of each har-
monic component.
Rigorously, suppose that two continuous
time signals
f
1
(t) and f
2
(t) have correspond-
ing Fourier transforms
F
1
(ω) and F
2
(ω),
and that
F
2
(ω) is the complex conjugate of
F
2
(ω). Then Parseval’s theorem states that
Z
∞
−∞
f
1
(t)f
2
(t)dt =
1
2
π
Z
∞
−∞
F
1
(ω)F
2
(ω)dω .
If
f
1
(t) = f
2
(t), then the left-hand side of
the above equation provides an expression of
the energy of a signal, which can be related
to its Fourier transform as follows:
Z
∞
−∞
f (t)
2
dt =
1
2
π
Z
∞
−∞
|F (ω)|
2
dω .
parsing
the process of detecting whether
a given string belongs to a given language,
typically represented by grammars.
partial coherence
the ratio of the sine
of the maximum half-angle of illumination
striking the mask to the numerical aperture
of the objective lens. Also called the degree
of coherence, coherence factor, or the pupil
filling function, this term is usually given the
symbol
s.
partial element equivalent method
an
integral equation technique in which the elec-
tromagnetic problem is reduced to a lumped
circuit problem by defining some regions in
space associated with a node in the lumped
circuit. This method takes electric field inter-
actions in the original problem into account
by finding (through the integral equations)
either a capacitor to ground at infinity and
a summation of current controlled current
sources or a capacitor connected in series
to a summation of voltage controlled volt-
age sources. The magnetic field interactions
are taken into account by finding an induc-
tance in series with a summation of current
controlled voltage sources which is placed
between nodes.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC