where
ν is the training rate starting from
about 1 and gradually reduced to 0 during
the training. See also
instar configuration
.
over-compounded
a compound DC gen-
erator in which the terminal voltage increases
as load current increases. Extra turns are
added in the series winding to generate the
additional voltage after compensating for the
armature voltage drop and the armature re-
sistance drop.
overcurrent
(1) current in a circuit that
exceeds a preset limit.
(2) motor current magnitude in the normal
circuit path exceeding the full-load current.
overcurrent protection
(1) the act of pro-
tecting electrical and electronic devices or
circuits from a dangerous amount of input
current.
(2) the effect of a device operative on ex-
cessive current.
overcurrent relay
a protective relay that
operates when fed a current larger than its
minimum pick-up value.
overdamped
more damping than a crit-
ically damped system. For a characteristic
equation of the form:
s
2
+ 2ζ ω
n
s + ω
2
n
the system is overdamped if
ζ < 1.0; the
roots of the characteristic equation are com-
plex conjugate pairs.
overexcited
the condition where the field
winding current is greater than a rated value
that produces the rated MMF in the armature.
With a synchronous or a DC machine, the
excitation current is a direct current in the
field windings.
If a machine is overexcited, the excess
MMF must be counterbalanced in the arma-
ture. In the case of a DC motor, the overex-
citation is counterbalanced by the increase of
armature current, which is translated by the
increase of both torque and speed. In the case
of synchronous motor, a leading component
of the armature current is present and the ma-
chine operates at a leading power factor.
overflow
a data condition in arithmetic
operations of signed numbers where the mag-
nitude of a result exceeds the number of bits
assigned to represent the magnitude. The re-
sult changes the sign bit, thus, making the
result incorrect.
overlap angle
See
commutation angle
.
overlapped execution
processing several
instructions during the same clock pulses.
overlay
(1) in wireless communications,
refers to a modulated signal (communication
scheme) that occupies an RF channel that is
already occupied by other signals. The clas-
sical example is that of a spread spectrum
signal that is (spectrally) placed on top of a
set of narrow band channels that carry nar-
row band signals. The wideband spread spec-
trum signal has a low power spectral density;
hence the overlay scheme can coexist with
the narrow band signals occupying the fre-
quency band.
(2) a vector describing the positional ac-
curacy with which a new lithographic pattern
has been printed on top of an existing pattern
on the wafer, measured at any point on the
wafer. Also called registration.
overload
a situation that results in elec-
trical equipment carrying more than its rated
current. Placing too much electrical load on
a generator or too much mechanical load on
a motor would cause an overload.
overload heater
a term used to describe
the thermal sensors that detect motor over-
load currents. Usually located on the motor
starter, the heaters cause the overload relay
to operate.
overload protection
a protective device
which opens the circuit to a piece of electri-
c
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