operators, such as mutation and crossover,
are applied to the set of solutions. The “good-
ness” metric is applied again and the algo-
rithm iterates until all solutions meet certain
criteria or a specific number of iterations has
been completed. See also
optimization
.
genlock
a shortened term for “generator
lock,” meaning that one sync generator sys-
tem is locked to another. When video sys-
tems are genlocked, sync and burst informa-
tion is the same for both systems.
geodesic lens
a lens composed of cir-
cularity symmetric spherical depression (or
dimples) in the surface of a thin-film waveg-
uide. In this type of lens, light waves are con-
fined in the waveguide and follow the longer
curved path through the lens region. Waves
propagating near the center of the lens travel
a longer path than waves near the edge, mod-
ifying the wave front so that focusing can
occur.
geometric distribution
a discrete proba-
bility density function of a random variable
x that has the form
p{x = k} = p(1 − p)
k
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
This is the probability that
k independent tri-
als, each with probability of success
p and
failure 1
− p, fail before one succeeds. See
also
probability density function
.
geometric Jacobian
the Jacobian (or
more precisely the Jacobian matrix, but
roboticists usually shorten it to simply Jaco-
bian) is a mapping from velocities in joint
space (generalized velocities) to velocities
in Cartesian space. This mapping is writ-
ten in the form
v = J (q) ˙q where v is a
six-dimensional vector of linear and angu-
lar velocities of the end-effector and
˙q is
a vector of generalized velocities
˙q(t) =
[
˙q
1
(t), ˙q
2
(t), . . . , ˙q
n
(t)]
T
. The Jacobian has
dimensions 6
× n. All points in which the
Jacobian is not invertible are called singular-
ities of the mechanism or singularities. The
Jacobian is defined for an arbitrary manipula-
tor and depends on its geometric parameters
(more precisely, Denavit–Hartenberg param-
eters). See also
analytical Jacobian
.
geometric radian center frequency
the
logarithmic radian center frequency, it is the
logarithmic mid-point between the higher
(
ω
H
) and lower (
ω
H
) band edges, expressed
in radians/second. The band edges are usu-
ally defined as the highest and lowest fre-
quencies within a contiguous band of inter-
est at which the loss equals
L
Amax
, the max-
imum attenuation loss across the band.
ω
OG
=
√
ω
H
· ω
L
or
log
10
(ω
OG
) =
log
10
(ω
H
) + log
10
(ω
L
)
2
geometric theory of diffraction
a cor-
rection to geometrical optics that includes
diffracted fields due to corners or edges
and accounts for energy diffracted into the
shadow region.
geometric transformation
transforms
the pixel co-ordinates of an image to effect
a change in the spatial relationships of ele-
ments in the image. The change often takes
the form of a stretching or warping of the
image.
geometrical optics
a high-frequency
technique using ray tracing for tubes of rays
to determine incident, reflected, and refracted
fields. Most useful in real media when the
wave amplitude varies slowly compared to
the wavelength.
geosynchronous orbit
an orbit 22,753
miles above the earth in which an object will
orbit the earth once every 24 hours above the
equator and will appear to be stationary from
the earth’s surface.
geothermal energy
thermal energy in the
form of hot water and steam in the earth’s
crust.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC