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Kawasaki ZZR 1400, ZZR1400 ABS, Ninja ZX-14 Motorcycle. Service Manual (2006-2007 year) - page 2

3-26 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Troubleshooting the DFI System

Even when the DFI system is operating normally, the

warning indicator light (LED) goes on and FI warning

message and FI warning symbol may be displayed under

strong electrical interference. Additional measures are not

required. Turn the ignition switch OFF to stop the indicator

light, message and symbol.

If the warning indicator light (LED) of the motorcycle

brought in for repair still goes on, check the service code.

When the repair has been done, the warning indicator

light (LED) goes off and FI warning message and FI warning

symbol are not displayed on the LCD. But the service codes

stored in memory of the ECU are not erased to preserve

the problem history. The problem history can be referred

using the KDS (Kawasaki Diagnostic System) when solving

unstable problems

Much of the DFI system troubleshooting work consists

of confirming continuity of the wiring. The DFI parts are

assembled and adjusted with precision, and it is impossible

to disassemble or repair them.

• When checking the DFI parts, use a digital meter which

can be read two decimal place voltage or resistance.

○The DFI part connectors have seals, including the ECU.

When measuring the input or output voltage with the

connector joined, use the needle adapter set. Insert the

needle adapter inside the seal until the needle adapter

reaches the terminal.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

CAUTION

Insert the needle adapter straight along the terminal

in the connector to prevent short-circuit between

terminals.

○After measurement, remove the needle adapters and ap-

ply silicone sealant to the seals [A] of the connector [B]

for waterproofing.

Sealant - Kawasaki Bond (Silicone Sealant):

56019-120

-Seals of Connector

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-27

Troubleshooting the DFI System

• Always check battery condition before replacing the DFI

parts. A fully charged battery is a must for conducting

accurate tests of the DFI system.

• Trouble may involve one or in some cases all items.

Never replace a defective part without determining what

CAUSED the problem. If the problem was caused by

some other item or items, they too must be repaired or

replaced, or the new replacement part will soon fail again

• Measure coil winding resistance when the DFI part is cold

(at room temperature)

• Do not adjust or remove the throttle sensor.

• Do not directly connect a 12 V battery to a fuel injector.

Insert a resistor (5 ∼ 7 Ω ) or a bulb (12 V × 3 ∼ 3.4 W) in

series between the battery and the injector.

• The DFI parts have been adjusted and set with precision.

Therefore, they should be handled carefully, never strike

sharply, as with a hammer, or allowed to drop on a hard

surface. Such a shock to the parts can damage them.

• Check wiring and connections from the ECU connector

to the suspected faulty DFI parts, using the hand tester

(special tool, analog tester) rather than a digital tester.

Special Tool - Hand Tester: 57001-1394

• Make sure all connectors in the circuit are clean and tight,

and examine wires for signs of burning, fraying, etc. Dete-

riorated leads and bad connections can cause reappear-

ance of problems and unstable operation of the DFI sys-

tem.

If any wiring is deteriorated, replace the wiring.

• Pull each connector [A] apart and inspect it for corrosion,

dirt, and damage.

If the connector is corroded or dirty, clean it carefully. If it

is damaged, replace it. Connect the connectors securely.

• Check the wiring for continuity.

○Use the wiring diagram to find the ends of the lead which

is suspected of being a problem.

○Connect the hand tester between the ends of the leads.

○Set the tester to the × 1 Ω range, and read the tester.

If the tester does not read 0 Ω, the lead is defective. Re-

place the lead or the main harness or the sub harness.

3-28 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Troubleshooting the DFI System

○If both ends of a harness [A] are far apart, ground [B] the

one end [C], using a jumper lead [D] and check the con-

tinuity between the end [E] and the ground [F]. This en-

ables to check a long harness for continuity. If the harness

is open, repair or replace the harness.

○When checking a harness [A] for short circuit, open one

end [B] and check the continuity between the other end

[C] and ground [D]. If there is continuity, the harness has

a short circuit to ground, and it must be repaired or re-

placed.

• Narrow down suspicious locations by repeating the con-

tinuity tests from the ECU connectors.

If no abnormality is found in the wiring or connectors, the

DFI parts are the next likely suspects. Check the part,

starting with input and output voltages. However, there is

no way to check the ECU itself.

If an abnormality is found, replace the affected DFI part.

If no abnormality is found in the wiring, connectors, and

DFI parts, replace the ECU.

○The diagnosis flow chart illustrates the above procedures.

○After inspection, be sure to connect all the DFI electrical

connectors. Do not turn the ignition switch ON while the

DFI electrical connectors and ignition system connectors

are disconnected. Otherwise, the ECU memorizes ser-

vice codes as open circuit.

○Lead Color Codes:

BK: Black

G: Green

P: Pink

BL: Blue

GY: Gray

PU: Purple

BR: Brown

LB: Light Blue

R: Red

CH: Chocolate

LG: Light Green

W: White

DG: Dark Green

O: Orange

Y: Yellow

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-29

Troubleshooting the DFI System

DFI Diagnosis Flow Chart

Inquiries to Rider

○Each rider reacts to problems in different ways, so it is important to confirm what kind of symptoms

the rider has encountered.

○Try to find out exactly what problem occurred under exactly what conditions by asking the rider;

knowing this information may help you reproduce the problem.

○The diagnosis sheet will help prevent you from overlooking any areas, and will help you decide if it

is a DFI system problem, or a general engine problem.

3-30 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Troubleshooting the DFI System

Sample Diagnosis Sheet

Rider name:

Registration No. (license plate No.):

Year of initial registration:

Model:

Engine No.:

Frame No.:

Date problem occurred:

Mileage:

Environment when problem occurred.

Weather

□ fine, □ cloudy, □ rain, □ snow, □ always, □ other:

Temperature

□ hot, □ warm, □ cold, □ very cold, □ always, □ other:

Problem

□ chronic, □ often, □ once

frequency

Road

□ street, □ highway, □ mountain road (□ uphill, □ downhill), □ bumpy, □ pebble

Altitude

□ normal, □ high (about 1000 m or more)

Motorcycle conditions when problem occurred.

Warning

□ Goes on about 3 seconds after from ignition switch ON, and FI warning message

indicator light

and FI warning symbol are displayed alternately on the LCD (DFI system

(LED)

problem).

□ Starts blinking about 3 seconds after from ignition switch ON, and immobilizer

warning message and immobilizer warning symbol are displayed alternately on

the LCD (Immobilizer system problem).

□ Does not go on or blink about 3 seconds after ignition switch ON.

Starting

□ starter motor not rotating.

difficulty

□ starter motor rotating but engine doesn’t turn over.

□ starter motor and engine don’t turn over.

□ no fuel flow (□ no fuel in tank, □ no fuel pump sound).

□ engine flooded (do not crank engine with throttle opened, which promotes engine

flooding).

□ no spark.

□ other:

Engine stalls

□ right after starting.

□ when opening throttle grip.

□ when closing throttle grip.

□ when moving off.

□ when stopping the motorcycle.

□ when cruising.

□ other:

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-31

Troubleshooting the DFI System

Poor running at low

□ very low idle speed, □ very high idle speed, □ rough idle speed.

speed

□ battery voltage is low (charge the battery).

□ spark plug loose (tighten it).

□ spark plug dirty, broken, or gap maladjusted (remedy it).

□ backfiring.

□ afterfiring.

□ hesitation when acceleration.

□ engine oil viscosity too high.

□ brake dragging.

□ engine overheating.

□ clutch slipping.

□ other:

Poor running or no

□ spark plug loose (tighten it).

power at high speed

□ spark plug dirty, broken, or gap maladjusted (remedy it).

□ spark plug incorrect (replace it).

□ knocking (fuel poor quality or incorrect, → use high-octane gasoline).

□ brake dragging.

□ clutch slipping.

□ engine overheating.

□ engine oil level too high.

□ engine oil viscosity too high.

□ other:

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-37

Self-Diagnosis

Self-diagnosis Outline

The self-diagnosis system has two modes and can be

switched to another mode by operating the meter unit.

User Mode

The ECU notifies the rider of troubles in DFI system , igni-

tion system and immobilizer system by lighting up or blink-

ing the warning indicator light (LED) [A] and displaying the

warning message [B] and warning symbol [C] alternately

on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) when DFI, ignition and

immobilizer system parts are faulty, and initiates fail-safe

function. In case of serious troubles ECU stops the injec-

tion/ignition/starter motor operation.

Dealer Mode

The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) display the service

code(s) [A] to show the problem(s) which the DFI system,

ignition system and immobilizer system has at the moment

of diagnosis.

3-38 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Self-Diagnosis

Self-diagnosis Procedures

○When a problem occurs with DFI system and ignition sys-

tem, the warning indicator (LED) [A] goes on and FI warn-

ing message [B] and FI warning symbol [C] are displayed

alternately on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) to alert the

rider.

○For models equipped with an immobilizer system, the

warning indicator light (LED) [A] blinks and immobilizer

warning message [B] and immobilizer warning symbol

[C] are alternately displayed on the LCD, when a problem

occurs in the system.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-39

Self-Diagnosis

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

• Push the MODE button [A] and RESET button [B] for more

than two seconds.

• The service code [C] is displayed on the LCD by the num-

ber of two digits.

○When pushing and holding the MODE button while the

warning massage and warning symbol are displayed al-

ternately on the LCD, the display on the LCD is shifted to

the previous display with the warning indicator light (LED)

goes on.

○After switching to the previous display, the service code

can not be displayed even if pushing the MODE button

and RESET button for more than two seconds.

• Any of the following procedures ends self-diagnosis.

○When the service code is displayed on the LCD, push

the MODE button and RESET button for more than two

seconds.

○When the ignition switch is turned OFF.

3-40 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Self-Diagnosis

Self-Diagnosis Flow Chart

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-41

Self-Diagnosis

Service Code Reading

○The service code(s) is displayed on the LCD by the number of two digits.

○When there are a number of problems, all the service codes can be stored and the display will begin

starting from the lowest number service code in the numerical order.

○Then after completing all codes, the display is repeated until the ignition switch is turned OFF or

MODE button and RESET button are pushed for more than two seconds.

○For example, if three problems occurred in the order of 46, 15, 35, the service codes are

displayed (each two seconds) from the lowest number in the order listed as shown below.

(15→35→46)→(15→35→46)→· · ·(repeated)

○In the case more than two service codes are available, you may push the MODE button to shift into

the other code too.

○If the no problem or when the repair has done, warning indicator light (LED) goes off and warning

message and warning symbol are not displayed, and no service code is displayed.

○If the problem is with the following parts, the ECU can not memorize these problem, he warning

indicator light (LED) do not lights up or blinks and warning message and warning symbol are not

displayed, and no service codes can be displayed.

Warning Indicator Light (LED)

Meter Panel LCD

Stick Coil Secondary Wiring and Ground Wiring (see Stick Coil (Ignition Coil together with Spark

Plug Cap) Inspection in the Electrical System chapter)

ECU Power Source Wiring and Ground Wiring (see ECU power Supply Inspection)

Service Code Erasing

○When repair has been done, warning indicator light (LED) goes off and warning message and warn-

ing symbol are not displayed, and no service code is displayed.

But the service codes stored in memory of the ECU are not erased to preserve the problem history.

In this model, the problem history can not be erased.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-45

Main Throttle Sensor (Service Code 11)

The main throttle sensor is a rotating variable resistor that

change output voltage according to throttle operating. The

ECU senses this voltage change and determines fuel injec-

tion quantity, and ignition timing according to engine rpm,

and throttle opening.

Input Terminal [A]

Output Terminal [B]

Ground Terminal [C]

Main Throttle Sensor Removal/Adjustment

CAUTION

Do not remove or adjust the main throttle sensor [A]

since it has been adjusted and set with precision at

the factory.

Never drop the throttle body assy, especially on a

hard surface. Such a shock to the sensor can dam-

age it.

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connectors [B], using

the needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Main Throttle Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → BL lead (terminal 7)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connectors joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at ECU Connector

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading of input voltage is less than the standard,

check the ECU for its ground, and power supply (see ECU

Power Supply Inspection) and wiring shorted.

If the input voltage is within the standard range, check the

input voltage at the main throttle sensor connector.

3-46 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Main Throttle Sensor (Service Code 11)

• Remove the right fairing cover (see Fairing Cover Re-

moval in the Frame chapter).

• Disconnect the main throttle sensor connector [A].

• Connect the harness adapter [A] between the harness

connector and main throttle sensor connector.

Special Tool - Throttle Sensor Setting Adapter:

57001

-1538

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Main Throttle Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+)→ W (sensor BL) lead

Meter (-)→ BK (sensor BR/BK) lead

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at Sensor

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the range, check the wiring (see

wiring diagram in this section).

If the reading is good, check the output voltage of the

sensor.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-47

Main Throttle Sensor (Service Code 11)

Output Voltage Inspection

• Measure the output voltage at the ECU in the same way

as input voltage inspection. Note the following.

Digital Meter [A]

Connector [B]

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Main Throttle Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → Y/W lead (terminal 26)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Start the engine and warm it up thoroughly.

• Check idle speed to ensure throttle opening is correct.

Idle Speed

Standard:

1 100 r/min (rpm)

If the idle speed is out of the specified range, adjust the

idle speed (see Idle Speed Inspection in Periodic Mainte-

nance chapter).

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Measure the output voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

• Measure the output voltage when the throttle is fully

opened or completely closed.

Output Voltage at ECU

Standard: DC 0.63 ∼ 3.91 V (at idle throttle opening to

full throttle opening)

NOTE

○The throttle sensor is operating correctly if the following

voltages are obtained:

• DC 0.63 V (or slightly higher) with the throttle at the

idle position.

• DC 3.91 V (or slightly lower) with the throttle at the fully

open position.

CAUTION

Do not remove or adjust the main throttle sensor.

It has been adjusted and set with precision at the

factory.

Never drop the sensor can especially on a hard sur-

face. A shock to the sensor can damage it.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-49

Main Throttle Sensor (Service Code 11)

• Disconnect the main throttle sensor connector and con-

nect the harness adapter [A] between the harness con-

nector and main throttle sensor connector.

Special Tool - Throttle Sensor Setting Adapter:

57001

-1538

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Throttle Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → R (sensor Y/W) lead

Meter (-) → BK (sensor BR/BK) lead

• Measure the sensor output voltage with the engine

stopped, and with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

• Measure the output voltage when the throttle is fully

opened or completely closed.

Output Voltage at Sensor

Standard: DC 0.63 ∼ 3.91 V (at idle throttle opening to

full throttle opening)

NOTE

○The throttle sensor is operating correctly if the following

voltages are obtained:

• DC 0.63 V (or slightly higher) with the throttle at the

idle position.

• DC 3.91 V (or slightly lower) with the throttle at the fully

open position.

CAUTION

Do not remove or adjust the main throttle sensor.

It has been adjusted and set with precision at the

factory.

Never drop the sensor, especially on a hard surface.

A shock to the sensor can damage it.

NOTE

○The standard voltage refers to the value when the volt-

age reading at the Input Voltage Inspection shows 5V

exactly.

○When the input voltage reading shows other than 5V,

derive a voltage range as follows.

Example:

In the case of a input voltage of 4.75 V.

0.63 × 4.75 ÷ 5.00 = 0.60 V

3.91 × 4.75 ÷ 5.00 = 3.71 V

Thus, the valid range is 0.60 ∼ 3.71 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the standard range, inspect the

main throttle sensor resistance.

If the output voltage is normal, check the wiring for conti-

nuity (see wiring diagram in this section).

3-50 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Main Throttle Sensor (Service Code 11)

Resistance Inspection

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Disconnect the main throttle sensor connector.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the main throttle sensor

connector [B].

• Measure the main throttle sensor resistance.

Main Throttle Sensor Resistance

Connections: BL lead [C] ←→BR/BK lead [D]

Standard:

4 ∼ 6 kΩ

If the reading is out of the range, replace the throttle body

assy (see Throttle Body Assy section).

If the reading is within the range, but the problem still

exists, replace the ECU (see ECU section).

Main Throttle Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Subthrottle Valve Actuator

3. Subthrottle Sensor

4. Main Throttle Sensor

5. Water-proof Joint 2

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-51

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor (Service Code 12)

CAUTION

Never drop the sensor, especially on a hard surface.

Such a shock to the part can damage it.

Removal

• Remove:

Fuel Tank Cover (see Fuel Tank Removal)

Bolt [A]

Bracket [B]

• Remove:

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Connector [A]

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor [B]

Vacuum Hose [C]

Installation

NOTE

○The inlet air pressure sensor is the same part as the at-

mospheric sensor except that the sensor has a vacuum

hose and different wiring.

• Install the vacuum hose.

• Put the inlet air pressure sensor in the stay plate [A] of

throttle body assy.

3-52 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor (Service Code 12)

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

○The inspection is the same as “Input Voltage Inspection”

of the throttle sensor and the atmospheric pressure sen-

sor.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connector [B], with the

needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → BL lead (terminal 7)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connectors joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at ECU

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

If the reading is less than the standard range, check the

ECU for its ground, and power supply (see ECU Power

Supply Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

If the reading is within the standard range, and check the

input voltage again at the sensor connector.

• Disconnect the inlet air pressure sensor connector and

connect the harness adapter [A] between the harness

connector and inlet air pressure sensor connector.

Special Tool - Sensor Harness Adapter: 57001-1561

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor [B]

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → G (sensor BL) lead [C]

Meter (-) → BK (sensor BR/BK) lead [D]

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at Sensor Connector

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the standard range, check the

wiring (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the reading is good, the input voltage is normal. Check

the output voltage.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-53

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor (Service Code 12)

Output Voltage Inspection

• Measure the output voltage at the ECU in the same way

as input voltage inspection. Note the following.

Digital Meter [A]

Connector [B]

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to ECU

Meter (+) → Y/BL lead (terminal 28)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

Output Voltage at ECU

Usable Range: DC 3.80 ∼ 4.20 V at the standard

atmospheric pressure (101.32 kPa, 76

cmHg abs.)

NOTE

○The output voltage changes according to the local at-

mospheric pressure.

○The vacuum sensor output voltage is based on a nearly

perfect vacuum in the small chamber of the sensor. So,

the sensor indicates absolute vacuum pressure.

If the output voltage is within the usable range, check the

ECU for its ground, and power supply (see ECU Power

Supply Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

If the output voltage is far out of the usable range, check

the output voltage again at the sensor connector [A]

(when the lead is open, the output voltage is about 1.8

V).

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor [B]

Special Tool - Sensor Harness Adapter: 57001-1561

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → G/W (sensor Y/BL) lead [C]

Meter (-) → BK (sensor BR/BK) lead [D]

Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

Turn the ignition switch ON.

Output Voltage at Sensor Connector

Usable Range: DC 3.80 ∼ 4.20 V at the standard

atmospheric pressure (101.32 kPa or

76 cmHg abs.)

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the output voltage is normal, check the wiring for conti-

nuity (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the output voltage is out of the usable range, replace

the sensor.

3-54 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor (Service Code 12)

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Inlet Air Pressure Sensor

3. Water-proof Joint 2

If you need to check the inlet air pressure sensor for vac-

uum other than 76 cmHg (abs.), check the output voltage

as follows.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-55

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor (Service Code 12)

• Remove the inlet air pressure sensor [A] and disconnect

the vacuum hose from the sensor.

• Connect an auxiliary hose [B] to the inlet air pressure sen-

sor.

• Temporarily install the inlet air pressure sensor.

○Connect a digital meter [C], vacuum gauge [D], and the

fork oil level gauge [E] to the inlet air pressure sensor.

Special Tools - Fork Oil Level Gauge: 57001-1290

Vacuum Gauge: 57001-1369

Sensor Harness Adapter: 57001-1561

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Output Voltage Connection to

Adapter

Meter (+) → G/W (sensor Y/BL) lead

Meter (-) → BK (sensor BR/BK) lead

○Turn the ignition switch ON.

○Measure the inlet air pressure sensor output voltage from

various vacuum readings, while pulling the handle of the

fork oil level gauge.

○Check the inlet air pressure sensor output voltage, using

the following formula and chart.

Suppose:

Pg : Vacuum Pressure (gauge) of Throttle Assy

Pl : Local Atmospheric Pressure (abs.) measured by a

barometer

Pv : Vacuum Pressure (abs.) of Throttle Assy

Vv : Sensor Output Voltage (v)

then

Pv = Pl - Pg

For example, suppose the following data is obtained:

Pg = 8 cmHg (vacuum gauge reading)

Pl = 70 cmHg (barometer reading)

Vv = 3.2 V (digital volt meter reading)

then

Pv = 70 - 8 = 62 cmHg (abs.)

Plot this Pv (62 cmHg) at a point [1] on the chart and draw a

vertical line through the point. Then, you can get the usable

range [2] of the sensor output voltage.

Usable range = 3.08 ∼ 3.48 V

Plot Vv (3.2 V) on the vertical line. → Point [3].

Results: In the chart, Vv is within the usable range and

the sensor is normal.

3-56 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor (Service Code 12)

ID: Idling

Pv: Throttle Vacuum Pressure (abs.)

Ps: Standard Atmospheric Pressure (abs.)

ST: Standard of Sensor Output Voltage (v)

TO: Throttle Full Open

UR: Usable Range of Sensor Output Voltage (v)

Vv: Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Output Voltage (V) (Digital Meter Reading)

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-57

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor (Service Code 13)

Removal/Installation

CAUTION

Never drop the sensor, especially on a hard surface.

Such a shock to the sensor can damage it.

• Remove the fuel tank (see Fuel Tank Removal).

• Open the clamp [A]

• Disconnect the connector [B] from the inlet air tempera-

ture sensor.

• Pull out the inlet air temperature sensor [C].

• Install the inlet air temperature sensor [A] in the grommet

[B].

Output Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter to the ECU connector, using nee-

dle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → Y lead (terminal 8)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Measure the sensor output voltage with the engine

stopped and the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Output Voltage at ECU

Standard: About 2.25 ∼ 2.50 V at inlet air temperature

20°C (68°F)

NOTE

○The output voltage changes according to the inlet air

temperature.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

3-58 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor (Service Code 13)

If the output voltage is out of the specified, check the ECU

for its ground, and power supply (see ECU Power Supply

Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

If the output voltage is far out of the specified (e.g. when

the wiring is open, the voltage is about 4.6 V), check the

wiring (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the wiring is good, check the sensor resistance.

Sensor Resistance Inspection

• Remove the inlet air temperature sensor (see Re-

moval/Installation).

• Suspend the sensor [A] in a container of machine oil so

that the heat-sensitive portion is submerged.

• Suspend a thermometer [B] with the heat-sensitive por-

tion [C] located in almost the same depth with the sensor.

NOTE

○The sensor and thermometer must not touch the con-

tainer side or bottom.

• Place the container over a source of heat and gradually

raise the temperature of the oil while stirring the oil gently

for even temperature.

• Using a digital meter, measure the internal resistance

of the sensor across the terminals at the temperatures

shown in the table.

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor Resistance

Standard:

2.09 ∼ 2.81 kΩ at 20°C (68°F)

About 0.322 kΩ at 80°C (176°F) (reference

value)

If the measurement is out of the range, replace the sensor.

If the measurement is within the specified, replace the

ECU (see ECU section).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-59

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor (Service Code 13)

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Inlet Air Temperature Sensor

3. Water-proof Joint 2

3-60 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Water Temperature Sensor (Service Code 14)

Removal/Installation

CAUTION

Never drop the sensor, especially on a hard surface.

Such a shock to the sensor can damage it.

• Drain the coolant (see Coolant Change in the Periodic

Maintenance chapter).

• Remove:

Throttle Body Assy (see Throttle Body Assy Removal)

Connector [A]

Water Temperature Sensor [B]

• Replace the gasket with a new one, and tighten the water

temperature sensor.

Torque - Water Temperature Sensor: 25 N·m (2.5 kgf·m, 18

ft·lb)

• Fill the engine with coolant and bleed the air from the cool-

ing system (see Coolant Change in the Periodic Mainte-

nance chapter).

Output Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the ECU connectors [B],

with the needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Water Temperature Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to ECU

Meter (+) → O lead (terminal 25)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Measure the sensor output voltage with the engine

stopped and the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Output Voltage at ECU

Standard: About 2.80 ∼ 2.97 V at 20°C (68°F)

NOTE

○The output voltage changes according to the coolant

temperature in the engine.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the output voltage is out of the specified, check the ECU

for its ground, and power supply (see ECU Power Supply

Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

If the output voltage is far out of the specified (e.g. when

the wiring is open, the voltage is about 5V), check the

wiring (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the wiring is good, check the water temperature sensor

resistance.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-61

Water Temperature Sensor (Service Code 14)

Sensor Resistance Inspection

• Refer to the Water Temperature Sensor Inspection in the

Electrical System chapter (see Water Temperature Sen-

sor Inspection in the Electrical System chapter).

Water Temperature Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Meter Unit

3. Water Temperature Sensor

4. Water-proof Joint 2

3-62 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor (Service Code 15)

CAUTION

Never drop the sensor, especially on a hard surface.

Such a shock to the sensor can damage it.

Removal

• Remove:

Seat (see Seat Removal in the Frame chapter)

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor Connector [A]

Damper [B]

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor [C]

Installation

NOTE

○The atmospheric pressure sensor is the same part as

the inlet air pressure sensor except that the inlet air

pressure sensor has a inlet air pressure hose and dif-

ferent wiring.

• Installation is reverse of removal.

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

○The inspection is the same as “Input Voltage Inspection”

of the throttle sensor and the inlet air pressure sensor.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connector [B], with the

needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → BL lead (terminal 7)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connectors joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at ECU

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

If the reading of input voltage is less than the standard

range, check the ECU for its ground, and power supply

(see ECU Power Supply Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-63

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor (Service Code 15)

If the reading is within the standard range, remove the

seat, and check the input voltage again at the sensor con-

nector.

• Disconnect the atmospheric pressure sensor connector

and connect the harness adapter [A] between the harness

connector and atmospheric pressure sensor connector.

Special Tool - Sensor Harness Adapter: 57001-1561

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor [B]

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → G (sensor BL) lead [C]

Meter (-) → BK (sensor BR/BK) lead [D]

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at Sensor Connector

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the standard range, check the

wiring (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the reading is good, the input voltage is normal. Check

the output voltage.

Output Voltage Inspection

• Measure the output voltage at the ECU in the same way

as input voltage inspection. Note the following.

Digital Meter [A]

ECU Connector [B]

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → G/W lead (terminal 11)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

Output Voltage

Usable Range: DC 3.80 ∼ 4.20 V at the standard

atmospheric pressure (101.32 kPa, 76

cmHg abs.)

NOTE

○The output voltage changes according to the local at-

mospheric pressure.

○The atmospheric sensor output voltage is based on

a nearly perfect vacuum in the small chamber of the

sensor. So, the sensor indicates absolute atmospheric

pressure.

If the output voltage is within the usable range, check the

ECU for its ground, and power supply (see ECU Power

Supply Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

3-64 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor (Service Code 15)

If the output voltage is far out of the usable range, check

the output voltage at the sensor connector [A] (when the

wiring is open, the output voltage is about 1.8 V).

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the harness adapter leads.

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor [B]

Special Tool - Sensor Harness Adapter: 57001-1561

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → G/W (sensor G/W) lead [C]

Meter (-) → BK (sensor BR/BK) lead [D]

Output Voltage at Sensor

Usable Range: DC 3.80 ∼ 4.20 V at the standard

atmospheric pressure (101.32 kPa, 76

cmHg abs.)

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the output voltage is normal, check the wiring for conti-

nuity (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the output voltage is out of the usable range, replace

the sensor.

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Atmospheric Pressure Sensor

3. Water-proof Joint 2

If you need to check the atmospheric pressure sensor for

various altitudes other than sea level, check the output

voltage as follows.

○Determine the local altitude (Elevation).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-65

Atmospheric Pressure Sensor (Service Code 15)

If you know the local atmospheric pressure using a

barometer, substitute the atmospheric pressure for throt-

tle vacuum pressure in the inlet air pressure sensor chart

(see Inlet Air Pressure Sensor section). And get the

usable range of the atmospheric pressure sensor output

voltage and check if output voltage is within the standard

or not in the same way as Output Voltage Inspection of

the inlet air pressure sensor.

If you know the local altitude, use the following chart.

Atmospheric Pressure/Altitude Relationship

3-66 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Crankshaft Sensor (Service Code 21)

Crankshaft Sensor Removal/Installation

• Refer to the Crankshaft Sensor Removal/Installation in

the Electrical System chapter (see Crankshaft Sensor Re-

moval/Installation in the Electrical System chapter).

Crankshaft Sensor Inspection

○The crankshaft have no power source, and when the en-

gine stops, the crankshaft generates no signals.

• Crank the engine and measure the peak voltage of the

crankshaft sensor (see Crankshaft Sensor Peak Voltage

Inspection in the Electrical System chapter) in order to

check the sensor.

• Check the wiring for continuity (see wiring diagram in this

section).

Crankshaft Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Crankshaft Sensor

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-67

Camshaft Position Sensor (Service Code 23)

Camshaft Position Sensor Removal/Installation

The camshaft position sensor detects the position of the

camshaft, and distinguishes the cylinder.

• Refer to the Camshaft Position Sensor Removal/Installa-

tion in the Electrical System chapter (see Camshaft Posi-

tion Sensor Removal/Installation in the Electrical System

chapter).

Camshaft Position Sensor Inspection

○The camshaft position sensor have no power source, and

when the engine stops, the camshaft position sensor gen-

erates no signal.

• Crank the engine and measure the peak voltage of the

camshaft position sensor (see Camshaft Position Sensor

Peak Voltage Inspection in the Electrical System chapter)

in order to check the sensor.

• Check the wiring for continuity (see wiring diagram in this

section).

Camshaft Position Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Camshaft Position Sensor

3. Frame Ground 1

3-68 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Speed Sensor (Service Code 24)

Speed Sensor Removal/Installation

• Refer to the Speed Sensor Removal/Installation in

the Electrical System chapter (see Speed Sensor Re-

moval/Installation in the Electrical System chapter).

Speed Sensor Inspection

• Refer to the Speed Sensor Inspection in the Electrical

System chapter (see Speed Sensor Inspection in the

Electrical System chapter).

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Disconnect the speed sensor connector [A].

• Connect the harness adapter [A] between the harness

connector and speed sensor connector.

Special Tool - Throttle Sensor Setting Adapter #1: 57001

-1400

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Speed Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → BL (sensor P) lead [B]

Meter (-) → BK/BL (sensor BK) lead [C]

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage

Standard: About DC 9 ∼ 11 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the range, check the wiring (see

wiring diagram in this section), and meter unit (see Elec-

tronic Combination Meter Unit Inspection in the Electrical

System chapter).

If the reading is good, check the output voltage.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-69

Speed Sensor (Service Code 24)

Output Voltage Inspection

• Before this inspection, inspect the input voltage (see Input

Voltage Inspection in this section).

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Using the stand, raise the rear wheel off the ground.

• Disconnect the speed sensor connector [A] and connect

the harness adapter [B] between the harness connector

and speed sensor connector.

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Special Tool - Throttle Sensor Setting Adapter #1: 57001

-1400

Speed Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → BY (sensor BL/Y) lead [C]

Meter (-) → BK/BL (sensor BK) lead [D]

• Measure the output voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Output Voltage at Sensor

Standard:

About DC 0.05 ∼ 0.09 V or DC 4.5 ∼ 4.9

• Rotate the rear wheel by hand, confirm the output voltage

will be raise or lower.

• Turn teh ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the range, check the speed sensor

(see Speed Sensor Inspection in the Electrical System

chapter) and the wiring to ECU (see wiring diagram in this

section).

If the reading, speed sensor and wiring are good, replace

the ECU (see ECU section).

3-70 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Speed Sensor (Service Code 24)

1. ECU

2. Meter Unit

3. Speed Sensor

4. Frame Ground 1

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-71

Gear Position Switch (Service Code 25)

Gear Position Switch Removal/Installation

• Refer to the Gear Position Switch Removal/Installation in

the Electrical System chapter (see Gear Position Switch

Removal/Installation in the Electrical System chapter).

Gear Position Switch Inspection

• Refer to the Gear Position Switch Inspection in the Electri-

cal System chapter (see Gear Position Switch Inspection

in the Electrical System chapter).

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connector, with the nee-

dle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Gear Position Switch Input Voltage at 1 ∼ 6 Gear Positions

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → G/R lead (terminal 4)

Meter (-) → Engine Ground

• Measure the switch input voltage with the engine stopped,

and with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at 1 ∼ 6 Gear Positions

Standard:

1st

About 3.0 V

2nd

About 2.5 V

3rd

About 2.0 V

4th

About 1.5 V

5th

About 1.1 V

6th

About 0.7 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the range, check the gear position

switch (see Gear Position Switch Inspection in the Elec-

trical System chapter).

If the switch is good, check the ECU for its ground and

power supply (see ECU Power Supply Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

3-72 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Gear Position Switch (Service Code 25)

Gear Position Switch Circuit

1. ECU

2. Gear Position Switch

3. Joint Connector 1

4. Joint Connector 2

5. Frame Ground 1

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-73

Vehicle-down Sensor (Service Code 31)

This sensor has a weight [A] with two magnets inside, and

sends a signal to the ECU. But when the motorcycle banks

60 ∼ 70° or more to either side (in fact falls down), the weight

turns and shuts off the signal. The ECU senses this change,

and stops the fuel pump, the fuel injectors, and the ignition

system.

Hall IC [B]

When the motorcycle is down, the ignition switch is left

ON. If the starter button is pushed, the electric starter turns

but the engine doesn’t start. To start the engine again, raise

the motorcycle, turn the ignition switch OFF, and then ON.

When the ignition switch is turned ON, current flows through

the latch-up circuit and the transistor in the circuit is turned

ON to unlock the latch-up circuit.

Vehicle-down Sensor [A]

Ground Terminal BR/BK [B]

Output Terminal Y/G [C]

Power Source Terminal BL [D]

Removal

CAUTION

Never drop the vehicle-down sensor, especially on

a hard surface. Such a shock to the sensor can

damage it.

• Remove:

Windshield (see Windshield Removal in the Frame

chapter)

Bolts [A]

• Remove:

Connector [A]

Bolts [B]

Vehicle-down Sensor [C]

Installation

• The UP mark [A] of the sensor should face upward.

WARNING

Incorrect installation of the vehicle-down sensor

could cause sudden loss of engine power. The

rider could lose balance during certain riding situ-

ations, like leaning over in a turn, with the potential

for an accident resulting in injury or death. Ensure

that the vehicle-down sensor is held in place by the

sensor brackets.

• Tighten:

Torque - Vehicle-down Sensor Bolts: 5.9 N·m (0.60 kgf·m,

53 in·lb)

3-74 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Vehicle-down Sensor (Service Code 31)

Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Remove the Windshield (see Windshield Removal in the

Frame chapter).

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connector of the vehicle

-down sensor [B], with the needle adapter set [C].

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Vehicle-down sensor Power Source Voltage

Connections to Sensor

Meter (+) → BL lead [D]

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead [E]

• Turn the ignition switch ON, and measure the power

source voltage with the connector joined.

Power Source Voltage at Sensor

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If there is no voltage, check the following.

Battery (see Charging Condition Inspection in the Elec-

trical System chapter)

ECU Fuse 15 A (see Fuse Inspection in the Electrical

System chapter)

If the power source is normal, check the output voltage.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-75

Vehicle-down Sensor (Service Code 31)

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the vehicle-down sensor.

○Do not disconnect the sensor connector.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connector, with needle

adapter set [B].

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Vehicle-down sensor Output Voltage

Connections to Sensor

Meter (+) → Y/G lead [C]

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead [D]

• Hold the sensor vertically.

• Turn the ignition switch ON, and measure the output volt-

age with the connector joined.

○Tilt the sensor 60 ∼ 70° or more [E] right or left, then hold

the sensor almost vertical with the arrow mark pointed up,

and measure the output voltage.

Output Voltage at Sensor

Standard: with sensor arrow mark pointed up: 3.55 ∼

4.45 V

with sensor tilted 60 ∼ 70° or more right or

left: 0.65 ∼ 1.35 V

NOTE

○If you need to test again, turn the ignition switch OFF,

and then ON.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the output voltage is out of the specified, replace the

vehicle-down sensor.

Vehicle-down Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

3. Water-proof Joint 2

2. Vehicle-down Sensor

3-76 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Subthrottle Sensor (Service Code 32)

The subthrottle sensor is a rotating variable resistor that

change output voltage according to throttle operating. The

ECU senses this voltage change and determines fuel injec-

tion quantity, and ignition timing according to engine rpm,

and throttle opening.

Input Terminal [A]

Output Terminal [B]

Ground Terminal [C]

Subthrottle Sensor Removal/Adjustment

CAUTION

Do not remove or adjust the subthrottle sensor [A]

since it has been adjusted and set with precision at

the factory.

Never drop the throttle body assy, especially on a

hard surface. Such a shock to the sensor can dam-

age it.

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connector [B], using the

needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Subthrottle Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → BL lead (terminal 7)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connectors joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at ECU Connector

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading of input voltage is less than the standard,

check the ECU for its ground, power supply and wiring

shorted.

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

If the input voltage is within the standard range, check the

input voltage at the subthrottle sensor connector.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-77

Subthrottle Sensor (Service Code 32)

• Remove the right fairing cover (see Fairing Cover Re-

moval in the Frame chapter).

• Disconnect the subthrottle sensor connector [A].

• Connect the harness adapter [A] between the harness

connector and subthrottle sensor connector.

Special Tool - Throttle Sensor Setting Adapter:

57001

-1538

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Subthrottle Sensor Input Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → BK (sensor BL) lead

Meter (-) → W (sensor BR/BK) lead

• Measure the sensor input voltage with the engine

stopped, and with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at Sensor

Standard: DC 4.75 ∼ 5.25 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the range, check the wiring (see

wiring diagram in this section).

If the reading is good, check the output voltage of the

sensor.

3-78 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Subthrottle Sensor (Service Code 32)

Output Voltage Inspection

• Measure the output voltage at the ECU in the same way

as input voltage inspection. Note the following.

Digital Meter [A]

Connector [B]

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Subthrottle Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → BL/W lead (terminal 27)

Meter (-) → BR/BK lead (terminal 34)

• Remove the air cleaner caps (see Throttle Body Assy Re-

moval).

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

• Measure the output voltage when the subthrottle valve is

fully opened or completely closed by hand.

Output Voltage at ECU

Standard: DC 0.62 ∼ 4.14 V (at subthrottle valve full

opening to closing)

NOTE

○The throttle sensor is operating correctly if the following

voltages are obtained:

• DC 0.62 V (or slightly higher) with the subthrottle valve

at the closed position.

• DC 4.14 V (or slightly lower) with the subthrottle valve

at the fully open position.

CAUTION

Do not remove or adjust the subthrottle sensor. It

has been adjusted and set with precision at the fac-

tory.

Never drop the throttle body assy, especially on a

hard surface. Such a shock to the sensor can dam-

age it.

If the output voltage is within the standard range, check

the ECU for its ground, and power supply (see ECU

Power Supply Inspection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU Removal).

If the output voltage is far out of the standard range (e.g.

when the wiring is open, the reading is 0 V), check the

output voltage again at the sensor connector.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-79

Subthrottle Sensor (Service Code 32)

• Disconnect the subthrottle sensor connector [A] and con-

nect the harness adapter [B] between the harness con-

nector and subthrottle sensor connector.

Special Tool - Throttle Sensor Harness Adapter:

57001

-1538

• Connect a digital meter to the harness adapter leads.

Subthrottle Sensor Output Voltage

Connections to Adapter

Meter (+) → R (sensor BL/W) lead

Meter (-) → W (sensor BR/BK) lead

• Measure the output voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

• Measure the output voltage when the subthrottle valve is

fully opened or completely closed by hand.

Output Voltage at Sensor

Standard: DC 0.62 ∼ 4.14 V (at subthrottle valve full

opening to closing)

NOTE

○The throttle sensor is operating correctly if the following

voltages are obtained:

• DC 0.62 V (or slightly higher) with the subthrottle valve

at the closed position.

• DC 4.14 V (or slightly lower) with the subthrottle valve

at the fully open position.

CAUTION

Do not remove or adjust the subthrottle sensor. It

has been adjusted and set with precision at the fac-

tory.

Never drop the throttle body assy, especially on a

hard surface. Such a shock to the sensor can dam-

age it.

NOTE

○The standard voltage refers to the value when the volt-

age reading at the Input Voltage Inspection shows 5V

exactly.

○When the input voltage reading shows other than 5V,

derive a voltage range as follows.

Example:

In the case of a input voltage of 4.75 V.

0.62 × 4.75 ÷ 5.00 = 0.59 V

4.14 × 4.75 ÷ 5.00 = 3.93 V

Thus, the valid range is 0.59 ∼ 3.93 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the standard range, inspect the

subthrottle sensor resistance.

If the output voltage is normal, check the wiring for conti-

nuity (see wiring diagram in this section).

3-80 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Subthrottle Sensor (Service Code 32)

Resistance Inspection

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Disconnect the subthrottle sensor connector.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the subthrottle sensor con-

nector [B].

• Measure the subthrottle sensor resistance.

Subthrottle Sensor Resistance

Connections: BL lead [C] ←→ BR/BK lead [D]

Standard:

4 ∼ 6 kΩ

If the reading is out of the range, replace the throttle body

assy (see Throttle Body Assy section).

If the reading is within the range, but the problem still

exists, replace the ECU (see ECU section).

Subthrottle Sensor Circuit

1. ECU

2. Subthrottle Valve Actuator

3. Subthrottle Sensor

4. Main Throttle Sensor

5. Water-proof Joint 2

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-81

Immobilizer Amplifier (Service Code 35)

Antenna Resistance Inspection

• Remove the left inner cover (see Inner Cover Removal in

the Frame chapter).

• Disconnect the antenna lead connector [A].

• Measure the resistance of the antenna coil in the ignition

switch as follows.

Antenna Resistance

Connections to Antenna

Meter → BK lead

Meter → BK lead

Standard: About 0.6 ∼ 0.9 Ω

If the resistance is out of the standard range, replace the

ignition switch.

Amplifier Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the windshield (see Windshield Removal in the

Frame chapter).

• Connect a digital meter to the amplifier connector [A], us-

ing the needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Amplifier Input Voltage

Connections to Connector

Meter (+) → BR/W lead

Meter (-) → BK/Y lead

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage

Standard: Battery Voltage

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the range, check the wiring (see

wiring diagram in next section).

If the reading and antenna resistance are good, replace

the amplifier (see Immobilizer System Parts Replacement

in the Electrical System chapter).

3-82 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Blank Key Detection (Service Code 36)

• This code appears in the following conditions.

○The transponder [A] in the master and/or user key is mal-

function.

○When the spare key of unregistration is used.

○When the master key is registered in the registered ECU.

• Therefore, the service code 36 will disappear when the

above issue is solved.

User Key Inspection

• Register the user key correctly (see Key Registration in

the Electrical System chapter).

If the service code 36 appears again, the transponder in

the key is malfunction, replace it.

Immobilizer System Circuit

1. Ignition Switch

10. Relay Box

2. Immobilizer Antenna

11. Joint Connector 2

3. Meter Unit

12. Main Fuse 30 A

4. Immobilizer Amplifier

13. Starter Relay

5. Joint Connector 1

14. Battery 12 V 14 Ah

6. Fuse Box × 2

15. Frame Ground 1

7. ECU Fuse 15 A

16. Frame Ground 2

8. Ignition Fuse 10 A

17. Immobilizer/Kawasaki Diagnostic System

9. Main Relay

Connector

18. Water-proof Joint 1

19. ECU

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-83

Fuel Pump Relay (Service Code 46)

Fuel Pump Relay Removal

CAUTION

Never drop the relay, especially on a hard surface.

Such a shock to the relay can damage it.

○The fuel pump relay is included in the relay box.

• Remove the seat (see Seat Removal in the Frame chap-

ter).

• Remove the relay box [A] from the bracket and disconnect

the connectors.

Fuel Pump Relay Inspection

• Remove the relay box (see Fuel Pump Relay Removal).

• Connect the hand tester [A] and one 12 V battery to the

relay connector as shown.

Special Tool - Hand Tester: 57001-1394

Relay Coil Terminals [1] and [2]

Relay Switch Terminals [3] and [4]

Testing Relay

Tester range:

1 Ω range

Criteria:

When battery is connected → 0 Ω

When battery is disconnected → ∞ Ω

If the relay does not work as specified, replace the relay

box.

3-84 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Fuel Pump Relay (Service Code 46)

Fuel Pump Relay Circuit

1. Ignition Switch

10. Fuel Pump Relay

2. Joint Connector 1

11. Relay Box

3. Engine Stop Switch

12. Joint Connector 2

4. Water-proof Joint 1

13. Main Fuse 30 A

5. ECU

14. Starter Relay

6. ECU Fuse 15 A

15. Battery 12 V 14 Ah

7. Ignition Fuse 10 A

16. Frame Ground 2

8. Fuse Box 2

17. Fuel Pump

9. Main Relay

18. Joint Connector 3

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-85

Stick Coils #1, #2, #3, #4: (Service Code 51, 52, 53, 54)

Stick Coil #1: Service Code 51

Stick Coil #2: Service Code 52

Stick Coil #3: Service Code 53

Stick Coil #4: Service Code 54

Removal/Installation

CAUTION

Never drop the stick coils, especially on a hard sur-

face. Such a shock to the stick coil can damage it.

• Refer to the Stick Coil (Ignition Coil together with Spark

Plug Cap) Removal/Installation in the Electrical System

chapter (see Stick Coil (Ignition Coil together with Spark

Plug Cap) Removal/Installation in the Electrical System

chapter).

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] as shown, with the needle

adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Stick Coil Input Voltage at ECU

Connections for Stick Coil #1

Meter (+) → W/R lead (terminal 47)

Meter (-) → BK/Y lead (terminal 52)

Connections for Stick Coil #2

Meter (+) → W/BL lead (terminal 60)

Meter (-) → BK/Y lead (terminal 52)

Connections for Stick Coil #3

Meter (+) → W/G lead (terminal 45)

Meter (-) → BK/Y lead (terminal 52)

Connections for Stick Coil #4

Meter (+) → W/Y lead (terminal 58)

Meter (-) → BK/Y lead (terminal 52)

• Measure the input voltage to each primary winding of the

stick coils with the engine stopped, and with the connec-

tors joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage at ECU

Standard: Battery Voltage

If the reading is out of the standard, check the wiring (see

wiring diagram in this section).

If the reading is good, the input voltage is normal. Crank

the engine, and check the peak voltage of the stick coils

(see Stick Coil Primary Peak Voltage Inspection in the

Electrical System chapter) in order to check the primary

coils.

3-86 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Stick Coils #1, #2, #3, #4: (Service Code 51, 52, 53, 54)

Stick Coil Circuit

1. ECU

9. Ignition Fuse 10 A

2. Stick Coil #4

10. Starter Relay

3. Stick Coil #3

11. Main Fuse 30 A

4. Stick Coil #2

12. Battery 12 V 14 Ah

5. Stick Coil #1

13. Frame Ground 2

6. Engine Stop Switch

14. Engine Ground

7. Ignition Switch

15. Joint Connector 3

8. Fuse Box 2

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-87

Subthrottle Valve Actuator (Service Code 62)

Subthrottle Valve Actuator Removal

CAUTION

Do not remove the subthrottle valve actuator [A]

since it has been adjusted and set with precision

at the factory.

Never drop the actuator , especially on a hard sur-

face. Such a shock to the actuator can damage it.

Subthrottle Valve Actuator Inspection

• Remove:

Fuel Tank (see Fuel Tank Removal)

Left and Right Air Cleaner Caps (see Throttle Body Assy

Removal)

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

• Check to see that all subthrottle valves [A] open and close

smoothly.

If the subthrottle valves do not operate, check the actuator

internal resistance (see Resistance Inspection).

Resistance Inspection

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Disconnect the subthrottle valve actuator connector [A].

• Connect a digital meter to the connector [A].

• Measure the subthrottle valve actuator resistance.

Subthrottle Valve Actuator Resistance

Connections: Y lead [1] ←→ P lead [2]

BK lead [3] ←→ G lead [4]

Standard:

About 5 ∼ 7 Ω

If the reading is out of the range, replace the throttle body

assy (see Throttle Body Assy section).

If the reading is within the range, check the input voltage

(see Input Voltage Inspection in this section).

3-88 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Subthrottle Valve Actuator (Service Code 62)

Input Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Connect the peak voltage adapter [A] and a digital meter

[B] to the connector [C], using the needle adapter set [D].

Special Tools - Peak Voltage Adapter: 57001-1415

Type: KEK-54-9-B

Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Subthrottle Valve Actuator Input Voltage

Connections to Harness Connector

(I)

Meter (+) → BK/BL lead [1]

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [E]

(II) Meter (+) → G lead [2]

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [E]

(III) Meter (+) → Y/BK lead [3]

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [E]

(IV) Meter (+) → P lead [4]

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [E]

• Measure the input voltage with the engine stopped, and

with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Input Voltage

Standard: About DC 10.5 ∼ 12.5 V

If the reading is out of the range, check the wiring to ECU

(see wiring diagram in this section).

If the wiring is good, replace the ECU (see ECU section).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-89

Subthrottle Valve Actuator (Service Code 62)

Subthrottle Valve Actuator Circuit

1. ECU

2. Subthrottle Valve Actuator

3. Subthrottle Sensor

4. Main Throttle Sensor

5. Water-proof Joint 2

3-90 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

ECU Main Relay (Service Code 75)

ECU Main Relay Inspection

○The ECU main relay function is included in the ECU [A].

So, the ECU main relay function cannot be inspected.

• When the service code 75 is displayed on the LCD, re-

place the ECU (see ECU section).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-91

ECU

CAUTION

Never drop the ECU, especially on a hard surface.

Such a shock to the ECU can damage it.

ECU Identification

○Most countries have their own regulations, so each ECU

has different characteristic. So, do not confuse ECU with

each other and use only the ECU for your model. Other-

wise, the motorcycle cannot clear the regulation.

ECU Identification

Part Number

Specification

[A]

Europe, WVTA, Full, H, with Immobilizer

21175-0076

U.K., WVTA, Full, H, with Immobilizer

U.S.A (except California), without Immobilizer

21175-0084

Canada, without Immobilizer

21175-0089

U.S.A (California), without Immobilizer

21175-0101

Malaysia, with Immobilizer

21175-0090

Australia, with Immobilizer

21175-0102

France, WVTA, 78.2, H, with Immobilizer

Full: Full Power

H: Honeycomb Type Catalyst

78.2: Maximum Horsepower 78.2 kW (106.3 PS)

ECU Removal

• Remove the seat (see Seat Removal in the Frame chap-

ter).

• Pull the hook [A] to lift up the lid [B] of the tool kit case.

• Remove the tool kit [A].

3-92 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

ECU

• Remove:

Fuse Box [A]

Bolts [B]

Tool Kit Case [C]

• Remove the relay box [A].

• Lift up the ECU [B] with rubber protector [C].

• Remove:

ECU Connectors [A]

ECU [B]

• Refer to the Immobilizer System Parts Replacement in the

Electrical System chapter for the immobilizer models (see

Immobilizer System Parts Replacement in the Electrical

System chapter).

ECU Installation

• Install:

ECU [A] (In rubber protector [B])

ECU Connectors [C]

• Insert the slits of the rubber protector to the projections

[A] of the rear fender front.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-93

ECU

• Install:

Connector Holder [A]

Relay Box [B]

• Install the plate [A] to the tool kit case [B] and tighten the

bolts [C].

• Insert the stopper [D] of the fuse box [E] into the groove

of the tool case.

ECU Power Supply Inspection

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

• Visually inspect the terminals [A] of the ECU connectors.

If the connector is clogged with mud or dust, blow it off

with compressed air.

Replace the main harness if the terminals of the main

harness connectors are cracked, bent, or otherwise dam-

aged.

Replace the ECU if the terminals of the ECU connectors

are cracked, bent, or otherwise damaged.

• With the ECU connectors [B] connected, check the fol-

lowing ground lead for continuity with the ignition switch

OFF, using a digital meter [A] and needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

ECU Grounding Inspection

17, 39, or 52 Terminal

←→ Frame Ground 2 [C]: 0 Ω

Engine Ground

←→ Frame Ground 2 [C]: 0 Ω

If no continuity, check the connector, the engine ground

lead, or main harness, and repair or replace them if nec-

essary.

3-94 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

ECU

• Check the ECU power source voltage with a digital meter

[A].

○Position the terminal in accordance with terminal numbers

of ECU connectors [B] in the figure.

ECU Power Source Inspection

Tester

Connections:

between 33 (BR) Terminal and

Frame Ground 2 [C]

between 15 (W/BK) Terminal and

Frame Ground 2 [C]

between 32 (W/BK) and Frame

Ground 2 [C]

Ignition Switch OFF:

33 (BR) Terminal, 0 V

15 (W/BK) Terminal, Battery

Voltage

32 (W/BK) Terminal, Battery

Voltage

Ignition Switch ON:

33 (BR) Terminal, Battery Voltage

15 (W/BK) Terminal, Battery

Voltage

32 (W/BK) Terminal, Battery

Voltage

If the tester does not read as specified, check the follow-

ing.

Power Source Wiring (see wiring diagram in this section)

Main Fuse 30 A (see Fuse Inspection in the Electrical

System chapter)

ECU Fuse 15 A (see ECU Fuse Inspection)

If the wiring and fuse are good, replace the ECU (see ECU

section).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-95

ECU

ECU Power Source Circuit

1. ECU

2. Water-proof Joint 1

3. Ignition Switch

4. ECU Fuse 15 A

5. Fuse Box 2

6. Starter Relay

7. Main Fuse 30 A

8. Battery 12 V 14 Ah

9. Frame Ground 2

10. Joint Connector 3

CAN Communication Line Resistance Inspection

○In this model, resistors for CAN communication line are

built in the ECU and meter unit.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Disconnect the ECU connector [A] (see ECU Removal).

3-96 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

ECU

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the ECU connector [B].

• Measure the resistance of the CAN communication line

resistor.

CAN Communication Line Resistance (at ECU

Connector)

Connections: Terminal 1 ←→Terminal 18

Standard: 114 ∼ 126 Ω

If the reading is out of the range, replace the ECU (see

ECU section).

If the reading is within the range, resistor of the ECU for

CAN communication line is normal.

• Check the wiring for continuity of the CAN communication

line (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the wiring is open, replace the main harness.

• Refer to the Meter Unit Inspection in the Electrical System

chapter for the resistor in the meter unit (see Meter Unit

Inspection in the Electrical System chapter).

CAN Communication Line Circuit

1. Meter Unit

2. ECU

3. Resistor (In the Meter Unit)

4. Resistor (In the ECU)

3-98 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Warning Indicator Light (LED)

Light (LED) Inspection

○The warning indicator light (LED) [A] is used for the FI

indicator and immobilizer indicator (immobilizer models).

○In this model, the warning indicator light (LED) goes on or

blinks by the special signal sent from the ECU.

• Refer to the fuel level warning inspection procedure (see

Meter Unit Inspection in the Electrical System chapter) for

the warning indicator light (LED) inspection.

Warning Indicator Light (LED) Circuit

1. Meter Unit

2. Warning Indicator Light (LED)

3. Frame Ground 1

4. ECU

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-99

Fuel Line

Fuel Pressure Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Remove the fuel tank (see Fuel Tank Removal).

• Be sure to place a piece of cloth around the fuel supply

pipe of the throttle body assy.

• Remove the fuel hose from the fuel supply pipes of the

throttle body assy (see Fuel Hose Replacement in the

Periodic Maintenance chapter).

WARNING

Be prepared for fuel spillage; any spilled fuel must

be completely wiped up immediately.

When the fuel hose is disconnected, fuel spills out

from the hose and the pipe because of residual

pressure. Cover the hose connection with a piece

of clean cloth to prevent fuel spillage.

• Connect the following parts temporary.

Fuel Pump Lead Connector

Fuel Level Sensor Lead Connector

• Install the fuel pressure gauge adapter [A] and fuel hoses

(Special Tool: 57001-1607) [B] between the fuel supply

pipes of the fuel pump and throttle body assy.

• Connect the pressure gauge [C] to the fuel pressure

gauge adapter.

Special Tools - Oil Pressure Gauge, 5 kgf/cm²: 57001-125

Fuel Pressure Gauge Adapter: 57001-1593

Fuel Hose: 57001-1607

WARNING

Do not try to start the engine with the fuel hoses

disconnected.

• Turn the ignition switch ON. The fuel pump will turn for 3

seconds, and then stop.

CAUTION

Do not drive the fuel pump 3 seconds or more with-

out the fuel in the fuel tank. If the fuel pump is driven

without the fuel, it may be damaged.

• Measure the fuel pressure with the engine stopped.

Fuel Pressure

right after Ignition Switch ON, with pump running:

Standard: 304 kPa (3.1 kgf/cm², 44 psi)

after 3 seconds from Ignition Switch ON, with pump

stopped:

Standard:

280 kPa (2.9 kgf/cm², 41 psi) , residual fuel

pressure

The system should hold the residual

pressure about 30 seconds.

3-100 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Fuel Line

• Start the engine, and let it idle.

• Measure the fuel pressure with the engine idling.

Fuel Pressure (idling)

Standard:

304 kPa (3.1 kgf/cm², 44 psi)

NOTE

○The gauge hand will fluctuate. Read the pressure at the

average of the maximum and minimum indications.

If the fuel pressure is much higher than the specified, re-

place the fuel pump (see Fuel Pump section).

If the fuel pressure is much lower than specified, check

the following.

Fuel Line Leakage

Amount of Fuel Flow (see Fuel Flow Rate Inspection)

If the fuel pressure is much lower than specified, and if

inspection above checks out good, replace the throttle

body assy, or the fuel pump and measure the fuel pres-

sure again (see appropriate sections).

• Remove the fuel pressure gauge, hoses and adapter.

• Install:

Fuel Hose (see Fuel Hose Replacement in the Periodic

Maintenance chapter)

Fuel Tank (see Fuel Tank Installation)

Fuel Flow Rate Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

WARNING

Gasoline is extremely flammable and can be explo-

sive under certain conditions. Make sure the area

is well-ventilated and free from any source of flame

or sparks; this includes any appliance with a pilot

light. Do not smoke. Turn the ignition switch OFF.

Be prepared for fuel spillage; any spilled fuel must

be completely wiped up immediately.

• Turn the ignition switch and engine stop switch OFF.

• Wait until the engine cools down.

57001-1607) and a

• Prepare a fuel hose (Special Tool:

measuring cylinder.

Special Tool - Fuel Hose: 57001-1607

• Remove:

Seat (see Seat Removal in the Frame chapter)

Fuel Tank Cover (see Fuel Tank Removal)

Fuel Tank Bolts [A]

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-101

Fuel Line

• Remove the fuel tank bolts [A].

• Open the fuel tank cap [A] to lower the pressure in the

tank.

• Be sure to place a piece of cloth around the fuel supply

pipe of the fuel pump.

• Remove the fuel hose from the fuel pump (see Fuel Tank

Removal).

WARNING

Be prepared for fuel spillage; any spilled fuel must

be completely wiped up immediately.

When the fuel hose is disconnected, fuel spills out

from the hose and the pipe because of residual

pressure. Cover the hose connection with a piece

of clean cloth to prevent fuel spillage.

• Connect the prepared fuel hose [A] to the fuel supply pipe

of the fuel pump.

• Secure the fuel hose with a clamp.

• Insert the fuel hose into the measuring cylinder [B].

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-103

Fuel Pump

Fuel Pump Removal

CAUTION

Never drop the fuel pump, especially on a hard sur-

face. Such a shock to the pump can damage it.

WARNING

Gasoline is extremely flammable and can be explo-

sive under certain conditions. Make sure the area

is well-ventilated and free from any source of flame

or sparks; this includes any appliance with a pilot

light. Do not smoke. Turn the ignition switch OFF.

Disconnect the battery (-) terminal.

To make fuel spillage minimum, draw the fuel out

from the fuel tank when the engine is cold. Be

prepared for fuel spillage; any spilled fuel must be

completely wiped up immediately.

• Draw the fuel out from the fuel tank with a commercially

available electric pump.

• Remove the fuel tank (see Fuel Tank Removal).

○Be careful of fuel spillage from the fuel tank since fuel still

remains in the fuel tank and fuel pump. Plug the fuel pipe

of the fuel tank.

• Turn the fuel tank upside down.

• Unscrew the fuel pump bolts [A], and take out the fuel

pump assembly [B] and gasket.

• Discard the fuel pump gasket.

CAUTION

Do not pull the leads [C] of the fuel pump and fuel

reserve switch. If they are pulled, the lead terminals

may be damaged.

Fuel Pump Installation

• Remove dirt or dust from the fuel pump [A] by lightly ap-

plying compressed air.

• Replace the fuel pump gasket with a new one.

3-104 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Fuel Pump

• Check that the fuel pump terminals [A], fuel reserve switch

terminal [B] and band [C] are in place.

Front [D]

• Apply a non-permanent locking agent to the threads of

the fuel pump bolts.

• Tighten the fuel pump bolts to a snug fit following the tight-

ening sequence shown.

• Following the tightening sequence, tighten the pump bolts

to the specified torque.

Torque - Fuel Pump Bolts: 9.8 N·m (1.0 kgf·m, 89 in·lb)

• Tighten the pump bolts again to check the tightness in the

order shown.

Operation Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch ON and make sure that the fuel

pump operates (make light sounds) for 3 seconds, and

then stops.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the pump does not work as described above, inspect

the operating voltage.

Operating Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the seat (see Seat Removal in the Frame chap-

ter).

• Connect the hand tester (× 25 V DC) to the 4 pins con-

nector [A], with needle adapter set.

Special Tools - Hand Tester: 57001-1394

Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Pump Operating Voltage at Pump

Connections to Pump Connector

Tester (+) → BK/Y Lead

Tester (-) → BK/W Lead

• Measure the operating voltage with the engine stopped,

and with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

○The tester needle should indicate battery voltage for 3

seconds, and then 0 V.

Operating Voltage at Pump Connector

Standard: Battery Voltage for 3 seconds, and then 0 V

If the reading stays on battery voltage, and never shows

0 V. Check the ECU and fuel pump relay.

If the voltage is in specification, but the pump doesn’t

work, replace the pump.

If there is still no battery voltage, check the pump relay

(see Fuel Pump Relay Inspection).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-105

Fuel Pump

Fuel Pump Circuit

1. Ignition Switch

10. Fuel Pump Relay

2. Joint Connector 1

11. Relay Box

3. Engine Stop Switch

12. Joint Connector 2

4. Water-proof Joint 1

13. Main Fuse 30 A

5. ECU

14. Starter Relay

6. ECU Fuse 15 A

15. Battery 12 V 14 Ah

7. Ignition Fuse 10 A

16. Frame Ground 2

8. Fuse Box 2

17. Fuel Pump

9. Main Relay

18. Joint Connector 3

3-106 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Fuel Injectors

Removal/Installation

• Refer to the Throttle Body Assy Disassembly/Assembly

(see Throttle Body Assy Disassembly/Assembly).

CAUTION

Never drop the injector, especially on a hard sur-

face. Such a shock to the injector can damage it.

Power Source Voltage Inspection

NOTE

○Be sure the battery is fully charged.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the ECU (see ECU Removal).

○Do not disconnect the ECU connectors.

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the connector [B], with the

needle adapter set.

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Injector Power Source Voltage at ECU Connector

Connections to ECU Connector

Meter (+) → W/R lead (terminal 14)

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [C]

• Measure the power source voltage with the engine

stopped, and with the connectors joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Power Source Voltage at ECU

Standard: Battery Voltage for 3 seconds, and then 0 V

If the power source voltage is less than the standard,

check the fuel pump relay (see Fuel Pump Relay Inspec-

tion), wiring (see wiring diagram in this section), and the

ECU for its ground, and power supply (see ECU Power

Supply Inspection chapter).

If the reading is normal, check the power source voltage

at the injector connector.

• Remove:

Left Middle Fairing (see Middle Fairing Removal in the

Frame chapter)

Bolts [A]

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-107

Fuel Injectors

• Connect a digital meter [A] to the throttle body subharness

connector [B], using the needle adapter set [C].

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Injector Power Source Voltage at Injector

Connections to Injector #1, #2, #3, #4

Meter (+) → W/R lead [E]

Meter (-) → Ground [D]

• Measure the power source voltage with the engine

stopped, and with the connector joined.

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Power Source Voltage at Injector Connector

Standard: Battery Voltage for 3 seconds, and then 0 V

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

If the reading is out of the standard, check the wiring (see

wiring diagram in this section).

If the reading is good, and the power source voltage is

normal, check the output voltage.

Output Voltage Inspection

• Measure the output voltage at the ECU connector in the

same way as power source voltage inspection. Note the

following.

Digital Meter [A]

Connector [B]

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Injector Output Voltage at ECU

Connections for Injector #1

Meter (+) → BL/R lead (terminal 46)

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [C]

Connections for Injector #2

Meter (+) → BL/G lead (terminal 59)

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [C]

Connections for Injector #3

Meter (+) → BL/BK lead (terminal 44)

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [C]

Connections for Injector #4

Meter (+) → BL/Y lead (terminal 57)

Meter (-) → Frame Ground 2 [C]

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Output Voltage at ECU

Standard: Battery Voltage for 3 seconds, and then 0 V

If the output voltage is normal, check the ECU for its

ground, and power supply (see ECU Power Supply In-

spection).

If the ground and power supply are good, replace the ECU

(see ECU section).

3-108 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Fuel Injectors

If the output voltage is out of the standard, check the out-

put voltage at the throttle body subharness connector [B]

using a digital meter [A] and needle adapter set [C] (when

the lead is open, the output voltage is 0 V).

Special Tool - Needle Adapter Set: 57001-1457

Injector Output Voltage at Injector

Connections to Injector #1

Meter (+) → BL/R lead [E]

Meter (-) → Ground [D]

Connections to Injector #2

Meter (+) → BL/G lead [F]

Meter (-) → Ground [D]

Connections to Injector #3

Meter (+) → BL/BK lead [G]

Meter (-) → Ground [D]

Connections to Injector #4

Meter (+) → BL/Y lead [H]

Meter (-) → Ground [D]

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

Output Voltage at Injector Connector

Standard: Battery Voltage for 3 seconds, and then 0 V

If the output voltage is normal, check the wiring for conti-

nuity (see wiring diagram in this section).

If the wiring is good, perform “Audible Inspection” for con-

firmation.

If the output voltage is out of the standard, perform “Au-

dible Inspection” for confirmation.

Audible Inspection

• Remove the left and right fairing cover (see Fairing Cover

Removal in the Frame chapter).

• Start the engine.

• Apply the tip of a screwdriver [A] to the injector [B]. Put

the grip end onto your ear, and listen whether the injector

is clicking or not.

•A sound scope can also be used.

• Do the same for the other injector.

If all the injectors click at a regular intervals, the injectors

are good.

○The click interval becomes shorter as the engine speed

rises.

If either injector doesn’t click, perform the “Injector Signal

Test” for injector operation.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-109

Fuel Injectors

Injector Signal Test

• Prepare two test light sets with male terminals as shown.

Rating of Bulb [A]: 12 V × 3 ~ 3.4 W

Terminal Width [B]: 1.8 mm (0.07 in.)

Terminal Thickness [C]: 0.8 mm (0.03 in.)

CAUTION

Do not use larger terminals than specified above. A

larger terminal could damage the injector main har-

ness connector (female), leading to harness repair

or replacement.

Be sure to connect bulbs in series. The bulb works

as a current limiter to protect the solenoid in the

injector from excessive current.

• Disconnect the connectors for injector [A].

• Connect each test light set [B] to the injector sub harness

connector [C].

• Turn the ignition switch ON.

• While cranking the engine with the starter motor, watch

the test lights.

If the test lights flicker at regular intervals, the injector

circuit in the ECU, and the wiring are good. Perform the

“Injector Resistance Inspection”.

○Injector signals can be also confirmed by connecting the

hand tester (× 10 V AC) instead of the test light set to

the injector main harness (female) connector. Crank the

engine with the starter motor, and check to see if the hand

oscillates at regular intervals.

Special Tool - Hand Tester: 57001-1394

If the test light does not flicker (or the test hand doesn’t

oscillates), check the wiring and connectors again.

If the wiring is good, replace the ECU (see ECU section).

Injector Resistance Inspection

• Remove the throttle body assy (see Throttle Body Assy

Removal).

• Disconnect the connector from the injector [A] (see Throt-

tle Body Disassembly/Assembly).

• Measure the injector resistance with a digital meter.

Injector Resistance

Connections to Injector

Meter (+)

Meter (-)

#1: W/R

←→

BL/R Terminal

#2: W/R

←→

BL/G Terminal

#3: W/R

←→

BL/BK Terminal

#4: W/R

←→

BL/Y Terminal

Standard: about 11.7 ∼ 12.3 Ω at 20°C (68°F)

If the reading is out of the range, perform the “Injector Unit

Test”.

If the reading is normal, perform the “Injector Unit Test”

for confirmation.

3-110 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Fuel Injectors

Injector Unit Test

• Use two leads [A] and the same test light set [B] as in

“Injector Signal Test”.

Rating of Bulb [C]: 12 V × (3 ∼ 3.4) W

12 V MF Battery [D]

CAUTION

Be sure to connect the bulb in series. The bulb

works as a current limiter to protect the solenoid

in the injector from excessive current.

• Connect the test light set to the injector [E] as shown.

• Open and connect [F] the end of the lead to the battery

(-) terminal repeatedly. The injector should click.

If the injector does not click, replace the injector.

Injector Fuel Line Inspection

• Remove the throttle body assy (see Throttle Body Assy

Removal).

• Check the injector fuel line for leakage as follows.

○Connect a commercially available vacuum/pressure

pump [A] to the nipple of the delivery pipe [B] with the

fuel hose [C] (both ends connected with the clamps [D])

as shown.

○Apply soap and water solution to the areas [E] as shown.

○Watching the pressure gauge, squeeze the pump lever

[F], and build up the pressure until the pressure reaches

the maximum pressure.

Fuel Line Maximum Pressure

Standard:

300 kPa (3.06 kgf/cm², 43 psi)

CAUTION

During pressure testing, do not exceed the maxi-

mum pressure for which the system is designed.

• Watch the gauge for at least 6 seconds.

If the pressure holds steady, the system is good.

If the pressure drops at once, or if bubbles are found in

the area, the line is leaking. Replace the delivery pipe,

injectors and related parts.

○Repeat the leak test, and check the fuel line for no leak-

age.

• Install the throttle body assy (see Throttle Body Assy In-

stallation).

• Run the hoses correctly (see Cable, Wire, and Hose Rout-

ing section in the Appendix chapter).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-111

Fuel Injectors

Fuel Injector Circuit

1. Ignition Switch

12. Fuse Box 2

2. Joint Connector 1

13. Main Relay

3. Engine Stop Switch

14. Fuel Pump Relay

4. Fuel Injector #4

15. Relay Box

5. Fuel Injector #3

16. Joint Connector 2

6. Fuel Injector #2

17. Main Fuse 30 A

7. Fuel Injector #1

18. Starter Relay

8. Water-proof Joint 1

19. Battery 12 V 14 Ah

9. ECU

20. Frame Ground 2

10. ECU Fuse 15 A

21. Fuel Pump

11. Ignition Fuse 10 A

22. Joint Connector 3

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-113

Throttle Body Assy

Idle Speed Inspection

• Refer to the Idle Speed Inspection in the Periodic Mainte-

nance chapter (see Idle Speed Inspection in the Periodic

Maintenance chapter).

Throttle Bore Cleaning

• Check the throttle bore for cleanliness as follows.

○Remove the throttle body assy (see Throttle Body Assy

Removal).

○Check the main throttle valves and throttle bores [A] for

carbon deposits by opening the main throttle valves.

If any carbon accumulates, wipe the carbon off the throt-

tle bores around the throttle bores and the throttle valves,

using a cotton pad penetrated with a high-flash point sol-

vent.

Synchronization Inspection

• Refer to the Engine Vacuum Synchronization Inspection

in the Periodic Maintenance chapter (see Engine Vacuum

Synchronization Inspection in the Periodic Maintenance

chapter).

Synchronization Adjustment

• Refer to the Engine Vacuum Synchronization Inspection

in the Periodic Maintenance chapter (see Engine Vacuum

Synchronization Inspection in the Periodic Maintenance

chapter).

Throttle Body Assy Removal

WARNING

Gasoline is extremely flammable and can be ex-

plosive under certain conditions. Turn the ignition

switch OFF. Disconnect the battery (-) cable ter-

minal. Do not smoke. Make sure the area is

well-ventilated and free from any source of flame

or sparks; this includes any appliance with a pilot

light.

Be prepared for fuel spillage: any spilled fuel must

be completely wiped up immediately.

• Remove:

Fuel Tank Cover (see Fuel Tank Removal)

Left and Right Middle Fairings (see Middle Fairing Re-

moval in the Frame chapter)

Bolts [A]

Subframe Bolts [B] and Washers

3-114 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Throttle Body Assy

• Disconnect the throttle body subharness connector [A].

• Remove the connector [A] from the connector bracket.

○Insert the thin blade screw driver into the connector stop-

per portion from the right side of motorcycle.

• For the California Model, pull off the vacuum hoses [A].

• Disconnect the crankshaft sensor lead connector [A].

• Loosen the duct clamp bolts [A] on both sides.

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-115

Throttle Body Assy

• Remove:

Fuel Tank (see Fuel Tank Removal)

Inlet Air Temperature Sensor [A]

Bolts [B]

Left and Right Air Cleaner Caps [C]

○Do not disconnect the inlet air temperature sensor lead

connector.

• Remove the duct clamps from the ducts [A], and pull out

the ducts upward.

○Remove the grommets [A] as necessary.

• Remove the throttle case [A] to make a throttle cable

slack.

• Remove:

Clamp [A]

Throttle Cable Lower Ends [B]

3-116 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Throttle Body Assy

• Remove the adjuster screw [A] from the clamp [B].

• Loosen the throttle body assy holder clamp bolts [A] on

both sides.

• Pull out the throttle body assy [B] from the holder.

• Disconnect the fuel hose joint from the delivery pipe of

the throttle body assy (see Fuel Hose Replacement in the

Periodic Maintenance chapter).

• Remove the throttle body assy [A] to the left side of mo-

torcycle.

• After removing the throttle body assy, stuff pieces of lint

-free, clean cloths into the throttle body assy holders.

CAUTION

If dirt gets into the engine, excessive engine wear

and possible engine damage will occur.

Throttle Body Assy Installation

• Install the holder clamp bolts [A] in the direction as shown.

Bolt Heads [B]

• Connect the fuel hose joint to the delivery pipe of the throt-

tle body assy (see Fuel Hose Replacement in the Periodic

Maintenance chapter).

• Tighten:

Torque - Throttle Body Assy Holder Clamp Bolts: 2.0 N·m

(0.20 kgf·m, 18 in·lb)

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-117

Throttle Body Assy

If the grommet [A] was removed, install it.

○Install the grommet from the inside of the frame.

• Insert the duct [B] to the grommet.

○Apply a soap and water solution or rubber lubricant to the

oblique portion [C] on the duct for easy installation.

• Fit the projections [D] of the duct into the holes [E] in the

clamp.

• Install the duct clamp bolts [A] in the direction as shown.

Front [B]

Upside View [C]

• Tighten:

Torque - Duct Clamp Bolts: 2.0 N·m (0.20 kgf·m, 18 in·lb)

• Install the air cleaner caps.

○The right air cleaner cap [A] has a R mark [B].

• Replace the subframe bolts with new ones, and tighten it.

Torque - Subframe Bolts: 23 N·m (2.3 kgf·m, 17 ft·lb)

• Run the leads and hoses as shown in the Cable, Wire,

and Hose Routing section of the Appendix chapter.

• Adjust:

Throttle Grip Free Play (see Throttle Control System In-

spection in the Periodic Maintenance chapter)

Idle Speed (see Idle Speed Adjustment in the Periodic

Maintenance chapter)

3-118 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Throttle Body Assy

Throttle Body Assy Disassembly

1. Subthrottle Valve Actuator

2. Subthrottle Sensor

3. Main Throttle Sensor

4. Throttle Body Assy

5. Injector

6. Delivery Pipe

7. Throttle Body Subharness

CAUTION

Do not remove, disassemble or adjust the main

throttle sensor, subthrottle sensor, subthrottle

valve actuator, throttle link mechanism and throttle

body assy, because they are adjust or set surely at

the manufacturer. Adjustment of these parts could

result in poor performance, requiring replacement

of the throttle body assy.

• Remove the throttle body assy (see Throttle Body Assy

Removal).

• Disconnect the injector connectors [A].

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-119

Throttle Body Assy

• Disconnect the main throttle sensor [A] and subthrottle

sensor [B] connector.

• Disconnect:

Subthrottle Valve Actuator Lead Connector [A]

Inlet Air Pressure Sensor Connector [B]

• Separete the hoses [A] from the throttle body fittings and

inlet air pressure sensor.

• Remove the screws [B] to pull out the injector assies from

the throttle body assy together with the delivery pipe [C].

NOTE

○Do not damage the insertion portions of the injectors

when they are pulled out from the throttle body.

• Pull out the injectors [A] from the delivery pipe [B].

NOTE

○Do not damage the insertion portions of the injectors

when they are pulled out from the delivery pipe.

Throttle Body Assy Assembly

• Before assembling, blow away dirt or dust from the throttle

body and delivery pipe by applying compressed air.

• Apply daphne oil or engine oil to the new O-rings [A] of

each injector, insert them to the delivery pipe [B] and con-

firm whether the injectors turn smoothly or not.

NOTE

○Replace the O-rings of injectors to new ones.

3-120 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Throttle Body Assy

• Apply daphne oil or engine oil to the new dust seals [A],

and insert the injectors into the throttle body, which in-

stalled to the delivery pipe.

NOTE

○Replace the dust seals of the throttle body to new ones.

• Install the delivery pipe to the throttle body.

Torque - Delivery Pipe Mounting Screws:

5.0 N·m (0.50

kgf·m, 44 in·lb)

• Connect the injector connectors.

• Insert the each hoses to the throttle body fittings and inlet

air pressure sensor.

• Install the throttle body assy (see Throttle Body Assy In-

stallation).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-121

Air Line

Element Removal

• Refer to the Air Cleaner Element Replacement in the Pe-

riodic Maintenance chapter (see Air Cleaner Element Re-

placement in the Periodic Maintenance chapter).

Element Installation

• Refer to the Air Cleaner Element Replacement in the Pe-

riodic Maintenance chapter (see Air Cleaner Element Re-

placement in the Periodic Maintenance chapter).

Air Cleaner Element Inspection

• Remove the air cleaner element (see Air Cleaner Element

Replacement in the Periodic Maintenance chapter).

• Visually check the element [A] for tears or breaks.

If the element has any tears or breaks, replace the ele-

ment.

Air Cleaner Element Holder Removal

• Remove:

Air Cleaner Element (see Air Cleaner Element Replace-

ment in the Periodic Maintenance chapter)

Screws [A]

• Pull out the air cleaner element holder [A] from the hous-

ing.

Air Cleaner Element Holder Installation

• Install the air cleaner element holder [A] so that the holder

ends [B] insert along the rib [C] in the housing.

• Tighten:

Torque - Air Cleaner Element Holder Screws: 6.9 N·m (0.70

kgf·m, 61 in·lb)

3-122 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Air Line

Oil Draining

A drain hose is connected to the bottom of the air cleaner

part to drain water or oil accumulated in the cleaner part.

• Visually check the catch tank of the drain hose [A], if the

water or oil accumulates in the tank.

If any water or oil accumulates in the tank, remove the

plug [B] from the tank and drain it.

WARNING

Be sure reinstall the plug in the tank after draining.

Oil on tires will make them slippery and can cause

an accident and injury.

Rear Air Inlet Duct Removal

• Remove:

Left and Right Inner Covers (see Inner Cover Removal

in the Frame chapter)

Fuel Tank Cover (see Fuel Tank Cover Removal)

• Loosen the clamp bolt [A] on both sides.

• Remove the mounting bolts [B] and, pull off the right rear

air inlet ducts [C] to backward.

• Remove the left rear air inlet duct in the same way as right.

Rear Air Inlet Duct Installation

• Insert the projections [A] of the holder [B] in the holes [C]

of rear air inlet duct [D].

• Insert the rear air inlet duct [A] until the duct end [B] align

the line [C] of middle air inlet duct [D].

• Tighten

Torque - Rear Air inlet Duct Mounting Bolts: 9.8 N·m (1.0

kgf·m, 87 in·lb)

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-123

Air Line

• Install the clamp bolts [A] so that bolt heads [B] faces

direction as shown.

Left Clamp [C]

Right Clamp [D]

About 30° [E]

Rear View [F]

• Tighten:

Torque - Middle Air inlet Duct Clamp Bolts: 2.9 N·m (0.30

kgf·m, 26 in·lb)

Front and Middle Air Inlet Duct Removal

• Remove the upper fairing (see Upper Fairing Removal in

the Frame chapter).

• Open the clamps [A].

• Open the clamps [A].

• Remove:

Bolts [A]

Front Air inlet Duct [B]

Rubber Seal [C]

• Loosen the clamp bolts [D] on both sides.

• Remove the bolts [E] on both sides.

• Pull off the left and right middle air inlet ducts [F] to for-

ward.

Front and Middle Air Inlet Duct Installation

NOTE

○The left middle air inlet duct has a L mark [A] and the

right middle air inlet duct has a R mark.

3-124 FUEL SYSTEM (DFI)

Air Line

• Insert the middle air inlet duct [A] until the line [B] align

the duct end [C] of rear air inlet duct [D].

• Tighten:

Torque - Middle Air Inlet Duct Mounting Bolts: 9.8 N·m (1.0

kgf·m, 87 in·lb)

• Install the clamp bolt [A] so that bolt heads [B] faces di-

rection as shown.

Left Clamp [C]

Right Clamp [D]

About 30° [E]

Rear View [F]

• Tighten:

Torque - Middle Air Inlet Duct Clamp Bolts: 2.9 N·m (0.30

kgf·m, 26 in·lb)

• Install the rubber seal [A] so that the hollow side [B] faces

forward.

• Insert the front air inlet duct to the rubber seal, and tighten

the bolts.

Torque - Front Air Inlet Duct Mounting Bolts: 9.8 N·m (1.0

kgf·m, 87 in·lb)

• Run the leads correctly (see Cable, Wire, and Hose Rout-

ing section in the Appendix chapter).

FUEL SYSTEM (DFI) 3-125

Fuel Tank

Fuel Tank Removal

WARNING

Gasoline is extremely flammable and can be explo-

sive under certain conditions. Make sure the area

is well-ventilated and free from any source of flame

or sparks; this includes any appliance with a pilot

light. Do not smoke. Turn the ignition switch OFF.

Be prepared for fuel spillage; any spilled fuel must

be completely wiped up immediately.

• Turn the ignition switch OFF.

• Remove the left and right fairing covers (see Fairing

Cover Removal in the Frame chapter).

• Disconnect the battery (-) terminal (see Battery Removal

in the Electrical System chapter).

• Remove:

Left and Right Inner Covers (see Inner Cover Removal

in the Frame chapter)

Bolt [A]

• Pull the fuel tank cover [A] evenly outward to clear the

projections [B] on both sides.

• Remove the fuel tank cover to forward [C].

• Remove the bolts [A].

• Remove:

Bolts [A]

Drain Hose [B]

• For the California model, remove the following.

Fuel Return Hose [C] (right side, red)

Fuel Tank Breather Hose [D] (left side, blue)

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