SsangYong Actyon Sports II. Manual - part 138

08-12

4. WHEEL ALIGNMENT

The front wheels have specific angle to allow control of the steering wheel with less effort, ensure driving 

stability, improve steering wheel restoration and steering performance, and minimize the tires wear.

1) Toe-in

The difference of measured distances between the front ends of the tires (A) and the rear ends of the 

tires (B) along the same axle when viewed the wheels from the top

TOE

Unilateral : 0.10 ± 0.16°

Total : 0.20 ± 0.13°

When viewed from the top, the distance between the tire centers is smaller in the front than in 

the rear.

▶

Side slip protection

Parallel front wheels rotation (straight ahead driving is ensured by toe-in to prevent the wheels from 

tilting outwards by the camber while driving)

Prevention of uneven (outward) tire wear

Prevention of toe-out from wearing of steering linkage

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-

-

-

Front

08-13

4411-01

2) Camber

The angle between the center line of the tire and the vertical line when viewed from the front of the 

vehicle

Positive camber: Top of the tire is tilted outward

▶

Advantages: 

The axle is not bent when it is loaded.

The force required to operate the steering wheel is reduced due to smaller 

contact area (or load area) of the tire.

Restoring force of the steering wheel is gained (when turning the steering 

wheel, the tire circles and the force to lift the frame is applied. In this case, 

the shock absorber contracts and the restoration force is applied to the 

steering wheel.)

-

-

-

Disadvantages:

Cornering force decreases as the positive camber increases when the 

vehicle makes turn.

The hub bearing is worn unevenly if camber is excessive.

-

-

Zero camber: When the tire center line is perpendicular to the ground level

▶

Negative camber

▶

Advantages:

Better traction force due to wide load area (applicable for off-road vehicle)

Better corner driving when the vehicle makes turn as the cornering force 

increases (applicable for high-speed F1 vehicle)

-

-

Disadvantages:

he axle is easy to be bent or deviated in the negative camber than in the 

positive camber when load is applied on the axle.

Difficult to control due to wide load area.

-

-

Camber

-0.5 ± 0.25°

08-14

3)  Caster

The angle between the vertical line and king pin, which fixes the steering knuckle and front axle, (steering 

column which connects the top and bottom ball joints in the independent axle type) when viewed the 

tires from the side.

Caster: With considering the height difference between the wheel centers of the front and rear 

wheels. (Under standard condition that the vehicle is on a level ground)

▶

Positive caster: Top of the king pin is tilted backward from the vertical line of the wheel center 

when viewed the tires from the side

▶

Advantages:

Directional force to go straight (following control)

Restoring force of the wheel (restored to the straight ahead direction)

Prevention of wheel shimmy (wheels wobble left and right)

-

-

-

Negative caster: Top of the king pin is tilted forward from the vertical line of the wheel center when 

viewed the tires from the side

▶

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Impact from the road is transferred to the steering wheel (steering wheel turns)

Poor straightness

-

-

Smaller turning radius

-

Caster

4.6 ± 0.4°

09-3

4850-01

1. SPECIFICATION                                       

Unit

Description

Specification

Front brake

Type

Ventilated disc

Outer diameter of disc

Ø294 mm

Inner diameter of caliper cylinder

Ø43.0 x 2 mm

Thickness of disc

28 mm (wear limit: 25.4 mm)

Area of brake pad

Above 60 cm2

Pad wear indicator

Mechanical type

Rear brake

Type

Solid disc

Outer diameter of disc

Ø299 m

Thickness of disc

10.4 mm (wear limit: 8.5 mm)

Area of brake pad

Above 28.8 cm2

Pad wear indicator

Mechanical type

Brake booster

Type

Vacuum assist type

Size

8” + 9” (Tandem)

Master cylinder

Type

Tandem type(integrated level sensor)

Inner diameter of cylinder

Ø26.99 mm

Brake pedal

Maximum operating stroke

150 mm

Pedal ratio

4 : 1

Free play

3 to 10 mm

Parking brake

Type

Mechanically expanded rear lining

Operating type

Hand operated type

Inner diameter of drum

Ø190 mm

Brake oil

Specification

DOT 4

Capacity

As required

Service Interval: Change the brake oil at every 2 years

DOT?

It is the quality grade of brake fluid established by US Department of Transportation.