PCM is programmed to maintain the optimum air/fuel ratio. At this mixture ratio, the catalyst works best to remove
hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (NOx) from the exhaust.
The O2S is also the main sensing element for the EGR (if equipped), Catalyst and Fuel Monitors.
The O2S may fail in any or all of the following manners:
•
Slow response rate
•
Reduced output voltage
•
Dynamic shift
•
Shorted or open circuits
Response rate is the time required for the sensor to switch from lean to rich once it is exposed to a richer than
optimum A/F mixture or vice versa. As the sensor starts malfunctioning, it could take longer to detect the changes
in the oxygen content of the exhaust gas.
The output voltage of the O2S ranges from 0 to 1 volt (voltages are offset by 2.5 volts on NGC vehicles). A good
sensor can easily generate any output voltage in this range as it is exposed to different concentrations of oxygen.
To detect a shift in the A/F mixture (lean or rich), the output voltage has to change beyond a threshold value. A
malfunctioning sensor could have difficulty changing beyond the threshold value.
OXYGEN SENSOR HEATER MONITOR
If there is an oxygen sensor (O2S) DTC as well as a O2S heater DTC, the O2S heater fault MUST be repaired first.
After the O2S fault is repaired, verify that the heater circuit is operating correctly.
Effective control of exhaust emissions is achieved by an oxygen feedback system. The most important element of
the feedback system is the O2S. The O2S is located in the exhaust path. Once it reaches operating temperatures
of 300° to 350°C (572 ° to 662°F), the sensor generates a voltage that is inversely proportional to the amount of
oxygen in the exhaust. The information obtained by the sensor is used to calculate the fuel injector pulse width. This
maintains a 14.7 to 1 Air Fuel (A/F) ratio. At this mixture ratio, the catalyst works best to remove hydrocarbons (HC),
carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) from the exhaust.
The voltage readings taken from the O2S are very temperature sensitive. The readings are not accurate below
300°C (572 °F) Heating of the O2S is done to allow the engine controller to shift to closed loop control as soon as
possible. The heating element used to heat the O2S must be tested to ensure that it is heating the sensor properly.
The O2S circuit is monitored for a drop in voltage. The sensor output is used to test the heater by isolating the
effect of the heater element on the O2S output voltage from the other effects.
EGR MONITOR (if equipped)
The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) performs an on-board diagnostic check of the EGR system.
The EGR monitor is used to test whether the EGR system is operating within specifications. The diagnostic check
activates only during selected engine/driving conditions. When the conditions are met, the EGR is turned off (sole-
noid energized) and the O2S compensation control is monitored. Turning off the EGR shifts the air fuel (A/F) ratio
in the lean direction. The O2S data should indicate an increase in the O2 concentration in the combustion chamber
when the exhaust gases are no longer recirculated. While this test does not directly measure the operation of the
EGR system, it can be inferred from the shift in the O2S data whether the EGR system is operating correctly.
Because the O2S is being used, the O2S test must pass its test before the EGR test. Also looks at EGR linear
potentiometer for feedback.
MISFIRE MONITOR
Excessive engine misfire results in increased catalyst temperature and causes an increase in HC emissions. Severe
misfires could cause catalyst damage. To prevent catalytic convertor damage, the PCM monitors engine misfire.
The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) monitors for misfire during most engine operating conditions (positive torque)
by looking at changes in the crankshaft speed. If a misfire occurs the speed of the crankshaft will vary more than
normal.
FUEL SYSTEM MONITOR
To comply with clean air regulations, vehicles are equipped with catalytic converters. These converters reduce the
emission of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. The catalyst works best when the air fuel (A/F)
ratio is at or near the optimum of 14.7 to 1.
PM
EMISSIONS CONTROL
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