Sun Microsystems System Administration Guide, Volume 1 (2000) - page 1
Contents
About This Book
27
1.
Managing Users and Groups Topics
33
2.
Managing User Accounts and Groups (Overview)
35
What’s New in Managing Users and Groups?
35
What Are User Accounts and Groups?
36
Guidelines for Managing User Accounts
37
Name Services
37
User (Login) Names
37
User ID Numbers
38
Passwords
40
Password Aging
41
Home Directories
42
User’s Work Environment
42
Guidelines for Managing Groups
43
Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups
44
What You Can Do With Admintool
47
Modify User Accounts
47
Delete User Accounts
48
Add Customized User Initialization Files
48
3
Administer Passwords
48
Disable User Accounts
48
Where User Account and Group Information Is Stored
49
Fields in the passwd File
49
Fields in the shadow File
52
Fields in the group File
53
Customizing a User’s Work Environment
56
Using Site Initialization Files
57
Avoid Local System References
58
Shell Features
58
Shell Environment
59
The PATH Variable
63
Locale Variables
64
Default File Permissions (umask)
65
Examples of User and Site Initialization Files
66
Example—Site Initialization File
67
3.
Setting Up and Maintaining User Accounts and Groups (Tasks)
69
Becoming Superuser (root)
70
H How to Become Superuser (root)
70
Setting Up User Accounts Task Map
71
User Information Data Sheet
71
H How to Customize User Initialization Files
72
H How to Start Admintool
74
H How to Add a Group
75
H How to Add a New User Account
76
H How to Share a User’s Home Directory
77
H How to Mount a User’s Home Directory
79
Maintaining User Accounts Task Map
80
4
H How to Modify a Group
81
H How to Delete a Group
82
H How to Modify a User Account
82
H How to Disable a User Account
84
H How to Change a User’s Password
85
H How to Change Password Aging for a User Account
86
H How to Delete a User Account
88
Solaris User Registration
89
Accessing Solaris SolveSM
89
Troubleshooting Solaris User Registration Problems
90
H How to Restart Solaris User Registration
91
H How to Disable User Registration
91
4.
Managing Server and Client Support Topics
93
5.
Managing Server and Client Support (Overview)
95
What Are Servers and Clients?
95
What Does Support Mean?
96
Overview of System Types
96
Servers
97
Standalone Systems
98
JavaStation Client
98
6.
Shutting Down and Booting a System Topics
99
7.
Shutting Down and Booting a System (Overview)
101
What’s New in Shutting Down and Booting a System?
101
Booting a System Over the Network With DHCP
102
IA: Booting From CD-ROM Without the Solaris Boot Diskette
102
Where to Find Shutting Down and Booting Tasks
102
Shutting Down and Booting Terminology
103
Guidelines for Shutting Down a System
103
Contents
5
Guidelines for Booting a System
104
Performing a Reconfiguration Boot
104
When to Shut Down a System
105
When to Boot a System
106
8.
Run Levels and Boot Files (Tasks)
109
Run Levels
109
H How to Determine a System’s Run Level
110
The /etc/inittab File
111
Example—Default inittab File
112
What Happens When the System Is Brought to Run Level 3
113
Run Control Scripts
115
Using a Run Control Script to Stop or Start Services
116
H How to Use a Run Control Script to Stop or Start a Service
116
Adding a Run Control Script
117
H How to Add a Run Control Script
117
Disabling a Run Control Script
118
H How to Disable a Run Control Script
118
Run Control Script Summaries
119
9.
Shutting Down a System (Tasks)
123
When to Shut Down the System
123
How to Shut Down a System
124
When to Turn Off Power to Devices
125
Notifying Users of System Down Time
125
H How to Determine Who Is Logged in to a System
126
H How to Shut Down a Server
126
H How to Shut Down a Standalone System
130
H How to Turn Off Power to All Devices
132
10.
SPARC: Booting a System (Tasks)
133
6
SPARC: Using the Boot PROM
134
H SPARC: How to Switch to the ok Prompt
134
H SPARC: How to Find the PROM Release for a System
134
H SPARC: How to Change the Default Boot Device
134
H SPARC: How to Reset the System
137
SPARC: Booting a System
137
H
SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser State)
138
H
SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User State)
139
H
SPARC: How to Boot a System Interactively
140
H
SPARC: How to Boot a System Over the Network
142
H
SPARC: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes
143
H
SPARC: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes
145
SPARC: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System
146
H
SPARC: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot the System
146
H
SPARC: How to Boot the System With the Kernel Debugger (kadb)
147
11.
IA: Booting a System (Tasks)
149
IA: Booting a System
149
IA: Booting the Solaris Device Configuration Assistant
151
H
IA: How to Boot the Solaris Device Configuration Assistant
151
H
IA: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser State)
151
H
IA: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User State)
152
H
IA: How to Boot a System Interactively
154
H
IA: How to Boot a System Over the Network
156
H
IA: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes
157
H
IA: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes
160
H
IA: How to Boot a System with the Kernel Debugger (kadb)
160
IA: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System
161
H
IA: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot the System
161
Contents
7
12.
The Boot Process (Reference)
163
SPARC: The Boot PROM
163
SPARC: The Boot Process
164
IA: The PC BIOS
164
IA: Boot Subsystems
165
IA: Booting Solaris
166
IA: Menus Displayed During the Device Identification Phase
167
IA: Menus Displayed During the Boot Phase
169
IA: The Boot Process
170
13.
Managing Removable Media Topics
173
14.
Guidelines for Using CDs and Diskettes (Overview)
175
Where to Find Managing Removable Media Tasks
175
Removable Media Features and Benefits
176
Comparison of Automatic and Manual Mounting
176
What You Can Do With Diskettes and CDs
177
15.
Using CDs From the Command Line (Tasks)
179
Using CDs Task Map
179
Using CD Names
180
H How to Load a CD
181
H How to Examine the Contents of a CD
181
H How to Copy Information From a CD
181
H How to Find Out If a CD Is Still in Use
182
H How to Eject a CD
183
H How to Access CDs on Other Systems
184
H How to Make Local CDs Available to Other Systems
185
H How to Configure a System to Play Musical CDs
188
H How to Prepare a System for a New CD-ROM Drive
189
Configuring Volume Management
190
8
H How to Stop Volume Management
190
H How to Restart Volume Management
190
16.
Formatting and Using Diskettes From the Command Line (Tasks)
193
Formatting Diskettes Task Map
193
Using Diskette Names
194
Hardware Considerations
195
H How to Format a UFS Diskette
197
H How to Place a UFS File System on a Diskette
200
H How to Format a DOS Diskette
201
Using Diskettes Task Map
204
H How to Load a Diskette
205
H How to Examine the Contents of a Diskette
207
H How to Copy or Move Information From a Diskette
207
H How to Copy or Move Information to a Diskette
208
H How to Find Out If a Diskette Is Still in Use
209
H How to Eject a Diskette
210
H How to Access Diskettes on Other Systems
211
H How to Make Local Diskettes Available to Other Systems
212
17.
Using PCMCIA Memory Cards From the Command Line (Tasks)
217
Formatting PCMCIA Memory Cards Task Map
217
Using PCMCIA Memory Cards Names
218
Hardware Considerations
219
H How to Format a UFS PCMCIA Memory Card
219
H How to Place a UFS File System on a PCMCIA Memory Card
222
H How to Format a DOS PCMCIA Memory Card
224
Using PCMCIA Memory Cards Task Map
226
H How to Load a PCMCIA Memory Card
227
H How to Examine the Contents of a PCMCIA Memory Card
229
Contents
9
H How to Copy or Move Information From a PCMCIA Memory Card
229
H How to Copy or Move Information to a PCMCIA Memory Card
230
H How to Find Out If a PCMCIA Memory Card Is Still In Use
232
H How to Eject a PCMCIA Memory Card
232
H How to Access PCMCIA Memory Cards on Other Systems
233
H How to Make Local PCMCIA Memory Cards Available to Other Systems
235
18.
How Volume Management Works (Reference)
239
Volume Management Mounts All Removable Media
239
Volume Management Provides Access to Diskettes
240
Volume Management Provides Access to CDs
241
Volume Management Supplies Convenient Mount Points for Easier Access
242
Volume Management Creates Two Sets of Symbolic Links
244
Symbolic Links for File System Access
244
Symbolic Links for Raw Device Access
244
Volume Management Can Be Limited by UFS Formats
245
What About Mixed Formats?
245
19.
Managing Software Topics
247
20.
Software Administration (Overview)
249
Where to Find Software Administration Tasks
249
What’s New in Software Management?
250
Overview of Software Packages
250
Tools for Managing Software
251
What Happens When You Add or Remove a Package
252
What You Should Know Before Adding or Removing Packages
253
Guidelines for Client Software Administration
253
Guidelines for Removing Packages
253
Avoiding User Interaction When Adding Packages
254
Using an Administration File
254
10
Using a Response File
255
21.
Software Administration (Tasks)
257
Commands for Handling Software Packages
257
Known Problem With Adding and Removing Packages
258
Adding Packages
258
H How to Add Packages to a Standalone System
258
Using a Spool Directory
261
H How to Add a Package to a Spool Directory
261
Checking the Installation of Packages
263
H How to List Information About All Installed Packages
263
H How to Check the Integrity of an Installed Package
264
H How to Display Detailed Information About a Package
265
Removing Packages From Servers and Standalone Systems
266
H How to Remove a Package
266
H How to Remove a Spooled Package
267
Adding and Removing Packages Using Admintool
267
H How to Add Packages With Admintool
267
H How to Remove Packages With Admintool
269
22.
Patch Administration (Overview)
271
What Is a Patch?
271
Tools For Managing Patches
272
Patch Distribution
272
What You Need to Access Sun Patches
273
Patch Access Via the World Wide Web
273
Patch Access Via ftp
274
Patch Numbering
274
What Happens When You Install a Patch
274
What Happens When You Remove a Patch
275
Contents
11
23.
Managing Devices Topics
277
24.
Device Management (Overview)
279
What’s New in Device Management?
279
SCSI and PCI Hot-Plugging
279
Improved Device Configuration (devfsadm)
280
Where to Find Device Management Tasks
281
About Device Drivers
281
Automatic Configuration of Devices
282
Features and Benefits
282
What You Need for Unsupported Devices
283
Displaying Device Configuration Information
283
driver not attached Message
284
Identifying a System’s Devices
284
H How to Display System Configuration Information
285
H How to Display Device Information
286
25.
Configuring Devices
289
Adding a Peripheral Device to a System
290
H How to Add a Peripheral Device
290
H How to Add a Device Driver
291
Dynamic Reconfiguration and Hot-Plugging
293
Attachment Points
293
IA: Detaching PCI Adapter Cards
295
SCSI Hot Plugging With the cfgadm Command
296
H How to Display Configuration Information for all Devices
296
H How to Unconfigure a SCSI Controller
297
H How to Configure a SCSI Controller
298
H How to Configure a SCSI Device
298
H How to Disconnect a SCSI Controller
299
12
H How to Connect a SCSI Controller
300
H SPARC: How to Add a SCSI Device to a SCSI Bus
301
H SPARC: How to Replace an Identical Device on a SCSI Controller
303
H SPARC: How to Remove a SCSI Device
304
SPARC: Troubleshooting SCSI Configuration Problems
305
IA: PCI Hot-Plugging With the cfgadm Command
306
H IA: How to Display PCI Slot Configuration Information
306
H IA: How to Remove a PCI Adapter Card
307
H IA: How to Add a PCI Adapter Card
308
IA: Troubleshooting PCI Configuration Problems
309
26.
Accessing Devices (Overview)
311
Accessing Devices
311
How Device Information Is Created
311
Device Naming Conventions
312
Logical Disk Device Names
312
Specifying the Disk Subdirectory
313
Specifying the Slice
314
SPARC: Disks With Direct Controllers
314
IA: Disks With Direct Controllers
315
SPARC: Disks With Bus-Oriented Controllers
315
IA: Disks With SCSI Controllers
315
Logical Tape Device Names
316
Logical CD-ROM Device Names
316
27.
Managing Disks Topics
319
28.
Disk Management (Overview)
321
What’s New in Disk Management?
321
IA: Support for Large Disks
321
Where to Find Disk Management Tasks
322
Contents
13
Introduction
322
Disk Terminology
322
About Disk Slices
323
SPARC: Disk Slices
323
IA: Disk Slices
324
Using Raw Data Slices
326
Slice Arrangements on Multiple Disks
327
Determining Which Slices to Use
327
The format Utility
328
Definition
328
Features and Benefits
329
When to Use the format Utility
329
Guidelines for Using the format Utility
330
Formatting a Disk
331
About Disk Labels
332
Partition Table
332
Dividing a Disk Into Slices
335
Using the Free Hog Slice
335
29.
Administering Disks (Tasks)
337
Administering Disks Task Map
337
Identifying Disks on a System
339
H How to Identify the Disks on a System
339
Formatting a Disk
341
H How to Determine if a Disk is Formatted
341
H How to Format a Disk
342
Displaying Disk Slices
344
H How to Display Disk Slice Information
344
Creating and Examining a Disk Label
346
14
H How to Label a Disk
346
H How to Examine a Disk Label
348
Recovering a Corrupted Disk Label
349
H How to Recover a Corrupted Disk Label
349
Adding a Third-Party Disk
352
Creating a format.dat Entry
353
H How to Create a format.dat Entry
353
Automatically Configuring SCSI Disk Drives
354
H How to Automatically Configure a SCSI Drive
355
Repairing a Defective Sector
357
H How to Identify a Defective Sector by Using Surface Analysis
357
H How to Repair a Defective Sector
359
Tips and Tricks for Managing Disks
360
Debugging format Sessions
360
Label Multiple Disks by Using the prtvtoc and fmthard
Commands
360
30.
SPARC: Adding a Disk (Tasks)
363
SPARC: About System and Secondary Disks
363
SPARC: Adding a System or Secondary Disk Task Map
364
H SPARC: How to Connect a System Disk and Boot
365
H SPARC: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot
365
H SPARC: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk
367
H SPARC: How to Create File Systems
371
H SPARC: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk
372
31.
IA: Adding a Disk (Tasks)
375
IA: About System and Secondary Disks
375
IA: Adding a System or Secondary Disk Task Map
376
IA: Guidelines for Creating an fdisk Partition
376
Contents
15
H IA: How to Connect a System Disk and Boot
377
H IA: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot
378
H IA: How to Create a Solaris fdisk Partition
379
H IA: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk
386
H IA: How to Create File Systems
388
H IA: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk
389
32.
The format Utility (Reference)
391
Requirements or Restrictions for Using the format Utility
391
Recommendations for Preserving Information When Using format
392
Format Menu and Command Descriptions
392
The partition Menu
394
IA: The fdisk Menu
395
The analyze Menu
396
The defect Menu
398
Files Used by format (format.dat)
399
Structure of the format.dat File
400
Syntax of the format.dat File
400
Keywords in the format.dat File
400
Partition or Slice Tables (format.dat)
403
Specifing the Location of a format Data File
404
Rules for Input to format Commands
404
Inputting Numbers to format Commands
404
Specifying Block Numbers to format Commands
405
Specifying format Command Names
405
Specifying Disk Names to format Commands
406
Using format Help
406
Associated format Man Pages
406
33.
Managing File Systems Topics
407
16
34.
Managing File Systems (Overview)
409
What’s New in File Systems?
409
The /var/run File System
409
Mount Table Changes (/etc/mnttab)
410
Using the Universal Disk Format (UDF) File System
410
UDF Features and Benefits
411
Hardware and Software Requirements
411
H How to Connect a DVD-ROM Device
411
H How to Access Files on a DVD-ROM Device
412
H How to Display UDF File System Parameters
412
H How to Create a UDF File System
413
H How to Identify the UDF File System Type
413
H How to Check a UDF File System
413
H How to Mount a UDF File System
414
H How to Unmount a UDF File System
414
H How to Label a Device with a UDF File System and Volume Name
414
Overview of File Systems
415
Types of File Systems
416
Disk-Based File Systems
416
Network-Based File Systems
417
Virtual File Systems
417
File System Administration Commands
419
How the File System Commands Determine the File System Type
421
Manual Pages for Generic and Specific Commands
421
The Default Solaris File Systems
421
Swap Space
422
The UFS File System
423
Parts of a UFS File System
423
Contents
17
UFS Logging
424
Planning UFS File Systems
424
Mounting and Unmounting File Systems
425
The Mounted File System Table
427
The Virtual File System Table
427
The NFS Environment
428
AutoFS
429
The Cache File System (CacheFS)
429
Deciding How to Mount File Systems
430
Determining a File System’s Type
430
H How to Determine a File System’s Type
430
35.
Creating File Systems (Tasks)
433
Creating a UFS File System
433
File System Parameters
434
H How to Create a UFS File System
435
Creating a Temporary File System (TMPFS)
436
H How to Create a TMPFS File System
437
Creating a Loopback File System (LOFS)
438
H How to Create a LOFS File System
438
36.
Mounting and Unmounting File Systems (Tasks)
441
Mounting File Systems
441
Commands Used to Mount and Unmount File Systems
442
Commonly Used Mount Options
443
H How to Determine Which File Systems Are Mounted
445
Mounting File Systems (/etc/vfstab File)
446
The /etc/vfstab Field Descriptions
446
H How to Add an Entry to the /etc/vfstab File
447
H How to Mount a File System (/etc/vfstab File)
449
18
H How to Mount All File Systems (/etc/vfstab File)
449
Mounting File Systems (mount Command)
451
H How to Mount a UFS File System
451
H How to Remount a UFS File System Without Large Files
452
H How to Mount an NFS File System
454
H How to Mount a System V (S5FS) File System
454
H How to Mount a PCFS (DOS) File System From a Hard Disk
455
Unmounting File Systems
456
Prerequisites
457
Verifying an Unmounted File System
457
H How to Stop All Processes Accessing a File System
457
H How to Unmount a File System
458
H How to Unmount All File Systems (/etc/vfstab File)
459
37.
The Cache File System (Tasks)
461
How CacheFS Works
462
Setting Up a Cached File System Task Map
463
Creating a Cache
464
H How to Create a Cache
464
Specifying a File System to Be Mounted in the Cache
465
H How to Specify a File System to Be Mounted in a Cache With mount
465
H How to Mount a File System in a Cache by Editing the /etc/vfstab File
468
H How to Mount a File System in a Cache With AutoFS
469
Maintaining a Cached File System Task Map
470
Maintaining the Cache
471
H How to Modify File Systems in a Cache
471
H How to Display Information About Cached File Systems
472
H How to Specify Consistency Checking on Demand
473
H How to Delete a Cached File System
473
Contents
19
H How to Check the Integrity of Cached File Systems
475
Managing Your Cache File Systems With cachefspack
476
H How to Pack Files in the Cache
476
Packing Lists
477
H How to Create a Packing List
477
H How to Pack Files in the Cache as Specified in a Packing List
478
H How to Specify Files in the Packing List to be Treated as Regular
Expressions
478
H How to Pack Files From a Shared Directory
479
Unpacking Files
480
H How to Unpack Files or Packing Lists From the Cache
480
Displaying Packed Files Information
482
H How to Display Packed Files Information
482
Viewing Help on the cachefspack Command
483
cachefspack Errors
484
CacheFS Statistics
489
Prerequisites for Setting Up and Viewing the CacheFS Statistics
489
Setting Up CacheFS Statistics Task Map
490
CacheFS Logging
490
H How to Set Up the Logging Process
491
How to Locate the Log File
491
How to Stop the Logging Process
492
Viewing the Cache Size
492
H How to View the Working Set (Cache) Size
492
Viewing the Statistics
494
H How to View Cache Statistics
494
The Cache Structure and Behavior
495
Consistency Checking of Cached File Systems With the Back File System
496
20
Consistency Checking on Demand
496
38.
Configuring Additional Swap Space (Tasks)
497
About Swap Space
497
Swap Space and Virtual Memory
498
Swap Space and the TMPFS File System
498
How Do I Know If I Need More Swap Space?
499
Swap-Related Error Messages
499
TMPFS-Related Error Messages
499
How Swap Space Is Allocated
500
The /etc/vfstab File
500
Planning for Swap Space
501
Monitoring Swap Resources
501
Adding More Swap Space
503
Creating a Swap File
503
H How to Create a Swap File and Make It Available
504
Removing a Swap File From Use
505
H How to Remove Extra Swap Space
505
39.
Checking File System Integrity
507
File System Integrity
507
How the File System State Is Recorded
508
What fsck Checks and Tries to Repair
510
Why Inconsistencies Might Occur
510
The UFS Components That Are Checked for Consistency
511
The fsck Summary Message
516
Modifying File System Checking at Boot Time
517
The /etc/vfstab File
517
H How to Modify File System Checking at Boot Time
519
Interactively Checking and Repairing a UFS File System
519
Contents
21
H How to See If a File System Needs Checking
519
H How to Check File Systems Interactively
520
Preening UFS File Systems
521
H How to Preen a File System
521
Restoring a Bad Superblock
522
H How to Restore a Bad Superblock
522
How to Fix a UFS File System fsck Cannot Repair
524
Syntax and Options for the fsck Command
524
Generic fsck Command Syntax, Options, and Arguments
525
40.
UFS File System Reference
529
Default Directories for root (/) and /usr File Systems
529
The Platform-Dependent Directories
537
The Structure of UFS File System Cylinder Groups
538
The Boot Block
539
The Superblock
539
Inodes
539
Data Blocks
541
Free Blocks
541
Deciding on Custom File System Parameters
542
Logical Block Size
542
Fragment Size
543
Minimum Free Space
543
Rotational Delay (Gap)
544
Optimization Type
544
Number of Files
545
Commands for Creating a Customized File System
545
The newfs Command Syntax, Options, and Arguments
545
The Generic mkfs Command
548
22
UFS Direct Input/Output (I/O)
548
H How to Enable Forced Direct I/O on a UFS File System
549
41.
Backing Up and Restoring Data Topics
551
42.
Backing Up and Restoring File Systems (Overview)
553
Where to Find Backup and Restore Tasks
553
Definition: Backing Up and Restoring File Systems
554
Why You Should Back Up File Systems
555
Choosing a Tape Device
555
Planning Which File Systems to Back Up
556
Overview of the Backup and Restore Commands
558
Choosing the Type of Backup
559
Guidelines for Scheduling Backups
560
What Drives a Backup Schedule
560
How Often Should You Do Backups?
560
Using Dump Levels to Create Incremental Backups
560
Sample Backup Schedules
562
Example—Daily Cumulative, Weekly Cumulative Backups
562
Example—Daily Cumulative, Weekly Incremental Backups
563
Example—Daily Incremental, Weekly Cumulative Backups
564
Example—Backup Schedule for a Server
565
Other Backup Scheduling Suggestions
568
43.
Backing Up Files and File Systems (Tasks)
571
Preparing to Do Backups
571
H How to Find File System Names
572
H How to Determine the Number of Tapes for a Full Backup
572
Doing Backups
573
H How to Do Backups to Tape
574
44.
Restoring Files and File Systems (Tasks)
583
Contents
23
Preparing to Restore Files and File Systems
583
Determining the Disk Device Name
584
Determining the Type of Tape Drive You Need
584
Determining the Tape Device Name
584
Restoring Complete File Systems
584
Restoring Individual Files and Directories
585
Restoring Files and File Systems
585
H How to Determine Which Tapes to Use
585
H How to Restore Files Interactively
587
H How to Restore Specific Files Non-Interactively
589
H How to Restore Files Using a Remote Tape Drive
591
H How to Restore a Complete File System
592
H How to Restore the root (/) and /usr File Systems
595
45.
The ufsdump and ufsrestore Commands (Reference)
599
How ufsdump Works
599
Determining Device Characteristics
599
Detecting the End of Media
600
Copying Data With ufsdump
600
Role of the /etc/dumpdates File
600
Backup Device (dump-file) Argument
601
Specifying Files to Back Up
602
End-of-Media Detection
603
Specifying Tape Characteristics
603
Limitations of the ufsdump Command
603
Options and Arguments for the ufsdump Command
604
Default ufsdump Options
604
Options for the ufsdump Command
605
The ufsdump Command and Security Issues
607
24
Options and Arguments for the ufsrestore Command
607
ufsrestore Command Syntax
607
ufsrestore Options and Arguments
608
Commands for Interactive Restore
610
46.
Copying UFS Files and File Systems (Tasks)
613
Commands for Copying File Systems
614
Copying File Systems Between Disks
615
Making a Literal File System Copy
615
H How to Clone a Disk (dd)
616
Copying Directories Between File Systems (cpio Command)
619
H How to Copy Directories Between File Systems (cpio)
619
Copying Files and File Systems to Tape
621
Copying Files to Tape (tar Command)
623
H How to Copy Files to a Tape (tar)
623
H How to List the Files on a Tape (tar)
624
H How to Retrieve Files From a Tape (tar)
625
Copying Files to a Tape With pax
626
H How to Copy Files to a Tape (pax)
626
H How to Copy All Files in a Directory to a Tape (cpio)
627
H How to List the Files on a Tape (cpio)
628
H How to Retrieve All Files From a Tape (cpio)
629
H How to Retrieve Specific Files From a Tape (cpio)
630
H How to Copy Files to a Remote Tape Drive (tar and dd)
631
H How to Extract Files From a Remote Tape Drive
632
Copying Files and File Systems to Diskette
633
Things You Should Know When Copying Files to Diskettes
634
H How to Copy Files to a Single Formatted Diskette (tar)
634
H How to List the Files on a Diskette (tar)
635
25
Contents
H How to Retrieve Files From a Diskette (tar)
636
H How to Archive Files to Multiple Diskettes
637
Copying Files With a Different Header Format
637
H How to Create an Archive for Older SunOS Releases
637
Retrieving Files Created With the bar Command
638
H How to Retrieve bar Files From a Diskette
638
47.
Managing Tape Drives (Tasks)
639
Choosing Which Media to Use
639
Backup Device Names
640
Specifying the Default Density for a Tape Drive
641
Specifying Different Densities for a Tape Drive
642
Displaying Tape Drive Status
642
H How to Display Tape Drive Status
642
Handling Magnetic Tape Cartridges
643
H How to Retension a Magnetic Tape Cartridge
643
H How to Rewind a Magnetic Tape Cartridge
644
Guidelines for Drive Maintenance and Media Handling
644
Index
647
26
About This Book
System Administration Guide, Volume I is part of a three-volume set that includes a
significant part of the SolarisTM system administration information. It contains
information for both SPARCTM based and IA based systems.
This book assumes that you have already installed the SunOSTM 5.8 operating system,
and you have set up all networking software that you plan to use. The SunOS 5.8
operating system is part of the Solaris product family, which also includes many
features, including the Solaris Common Desktop Environment (CDE). The SunOS 5.8
operating system is compliant with AT&T’s System V, Release 4 operating system.
For the Solaris 8 release, new features interesting to system administrators are
covered in sections called What’s New in ...
? in the appropriate chapters.
Note - The Solaris operating environment runs on two types of hardware, or
platforms—SPARC and IA. The Solaris operating environment runs on both 64-bit
and 32-bit address spaces. The information in this document pertains to both
platforms and address spaces unless called out in a special chapter, section, note,
bullet, figure, table, example, or code example.
Who Should Use This Book
This book is intended for anyone responsible for administering one or more systems
running the Solaris 8 release. To use this book, you should have 1-2 years of UNIX®
system administration experience. Attending UNIX system administration training
courses might be helpful.
27
How the System Administration
Volumes Are Organized
Here is a list of the topics covered by the three volumes of the System
Administration Guides.
System Administration Guide, Volume 1
“Managing Users and Groups Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 1
“Managing Server and Client Support Topics” in System Administration Guide,
Volume 1
“Shutting Down and Booting a System Topics” in System Administration Guide,
Volume 1
“Managing Removable Media Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 1
“Managing Software Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 1
“Managing Devices Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 1
“Managing Disks Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 1
“Managing File Systems Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 1
“Backing Up and Restoring Data Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume
1
System Administration Guide, Volume 2
“Managing Printing Services Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume
2
“Working With Remote Systems Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 2
“Managing Terminals and Modems Topics” in System Administration Guide,
Volume 2
“Managing System Security Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 2
“Managing System Resources Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 2
“Managing System Performance Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume
2
“Troubleshooting Solaris Software Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume
2
28
System Administration Guide, Volume 3
“Network Services Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 3
“IP Address Management Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 3
“Modem-Related Network Services Topics” in System Administration Guide,
Volume 3
“Accessing Remote File Systems Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume 3
“Mail Services Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume
3
“Monitoring Network Services Topics” in System Administration Guide, Volume
3
Ordering Sun Documents
Fatbrain.com, an Internet professional bookstore, stocks select product
documentation from Sun Microsystems, Inc.
For a list of documents and how to order them, visit the Sun Documentation Center
on Fatbrain.com at http://www1.fatbrain.com/documentation/sun.
Accessing Sun Documentation Online
The docs.sun.comSM Web site enables you to access Sun technical documentation
online. You can browse the docs.sun.com archive or search for a specific book title or
subject. The URL is http://docs.sun.com.
What Typographic Conventions Mean
The following table describes the typographic conventions used in this book.
About This Book
29
TABLE P-1
Typographic Conventions
Typeface or
Symbol
Meaning
Example
The names of commands, files, and
Edit your .login file.
AaBbCc123
directories; on-screen computer output
Use ls −a to list all files.
machine_name% you have
mail.
machine_name% su
What you type, contrasted with
AaBbCc123
Password:
on-screen computer output
Command-line placeholder: replace
To delete a file, type rm
AaBbCc123
with a real name or value
filename.
Book titles, new words or terms, or
Read Chapter 6 in User’s
AaBbCc123
words to be emphasized.
Guide.
These are called class options.
Do not save changes yet.
Shell Prompts in Command Examples
The following table shows the default system prompt and superuser prompt for the
C shell, Bourne shell, and Korn shell.
TABLE P-2
Shell Prompts
Shell
Prompt
C shell prompt
machine_name%
C shell superuser prompt
machine_name#
Bourne shell and Korn shell prompt
$
Bourne shell and Korn shell superuser
#
prompt
30
General Conventions
Be aware of the following conventions used in this book.
When following steps or using examples, be sure to type double-quotes ("), left
single-quotes (‘), and right single-quotes (’) exactly as shown.
The key referred to as Return is labeled Enter on some keyboards.
The root path usually includes the /sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/bin, and /etc
directories, so the steps in this book show the commands in these directories
without absolute path names. Steps that use commands in other, less common,
directories show the absolute paths in the examples.
The examples in this book are for a basic SunOS software installation without the
Binary Compatibility Package installed and without /usr/ucb in the path.
Caution - If /usr/ucb is included in a search path, it should always be at the end
of the search path. Commands like ps or df are duplicated in /usr/ucb with
different formats and options from the SunOS commands.
About This Book
31
32
CHAPTER
1
Managing Users and Groups Topics
This section provides instructions for managing users and groups. This section
contains these chapters.
Provides overview information about setting up user
Chapter 2
accounts and groups in a network environment.
Provides step-by-step instructions for setting up user
Chapter 3
accounts and groups with Admintool.
33
34
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