was a devoted experimentalist with interests
in photography, the development of miner’s
lamps, batteries, electroplating, and artificial
silk. Swan teamed with Edison in 1883 to
form the Edison and Swan United Electric
Light Company after Edison’s suit for patent
infringement was dismissed. J. W. Starr and
W. E. Staite were the early pioneers who in-
spired Swan to research that led to his knight-
hood in 1904.
swap
in assembly language, an instruction
that swaps two values one for the other.
SWE
See
Schr¨odinger wave equation
.
sweep generator
a frequency source that
can be setup to sweep from a start frequency
to a stop frequency in a specified time inter-
val.
swell
a voltage or current RMS value at
supply frequency that increases for a time pe-
riod from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute.
swing curve
a sinusoidal variation of a pa-
rameter, such as the critical dimension or the
dose-to-clear, as a function of resist thickness
caused by thin film interference effects.
swing bus
in power-flow studies, a bus in
the power system which is assigned unknown
real and reactive power so as to compensate
for losses in the system.
swing equation
a nonlinear differen-
tial equation utilized in determining the dy-
namics of synchronous machines. See also
electromechanical equation
.
switch
(1) a device that allows cur-
rent flow when closed and provides isola-
tion when open. The switch provides sim-
ilar functions to the circuit breaker, but can-
not interrupt fault currents. Some switches
are capable of making and breaking load
currents, while others are only able to
break charging current.
Switches can be
either manually controlled or motor con-
trolled. See also
single-pole single-throw
,
single-pole double-throw
,
transmit/receive
switch
,
all-optical switch
.
(2) a device comprising a number of in-
put and output ports and circuitry to switch
packets from one input port to one or more
output ports based on the addressing infor-
mation contained in the packet header.
switchable shunt
See
shunt capacitor
.
switchboard
literally, a large panel or
board upon switches were mounted in early
electrical systems.
switched combining
a method of di-
versity combining in which the receiver is
switched between alternative communica-
tion channels to find the channel that yields
the best signal quality.
See also
angle
diversity
,
antenna diversity
.
switched reluctance machine
a doubly
salient, singly excited electrical machine that
contains a different number of poles on the
stator and rotor. Since there are a different
number of poles on the rotor and stator, only
one stator phase can be aligned at a time with
the rotor.
When operated as a motor, the stator
phases are sequentially switched on and off
to pull the rotor into alignment with them.
This requires knowledge of the rotor posi-
tion to properly excite the stator phases. The
switched reluctance machine can also operate
as a generator. In this case the stator windings
are charged with a current as the rotor comes
into alignment. When the current reaches
a determined level, the windings are recon-
nected to send current out of the machine.
As the rotor is driven, the inductance drops,
causing an increase in current.
This type of machine requires an external
capacitor bank, switches and diodes in each
phase, and a sophisticated control system to
operate.
switched-mode power supply
See
switching power supply
.
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC