interconnection network
the combina-
tion of switches and wires that allows multi-
ple processors in a multiprocessor or multi-
computer to communicate.
interconnections and packaging (I&P)
elements of the electrical signal transmission
path from the driver chip to the receiver chip.
Various elements that make up I&P are chip
wirebonds and package pins, circuit boards,
connectors, motherboards, and cables.
interdigital capacitor
a capacitor con-
sisting of two pieces of electrodes that have
multiple fingers. Each finger of these elec-
trodes is adjacently arranged in turn with a
narrow gap. It utilizes the gap capacitance
between adjacent fingers.
interdigital filter
filter consisting of par-
allel coupled transmission line resonators
where each resonator is grounded on one side
and is either open-circuited or capacitively
loaded to ground on the other side. Adja-
cent resonators are grounded on the opposite
ends.
interface
the set of rules specified for
communicating with a defined entity.
interface state
for a semiconductor device
such as a transistor, a region where trapping
of charge carriers can occur at the interface
between regions of differing electrical prop-
erties.
interface trap
energy level at the insu-
lator/semiconductor interface that can trap
electrons or holes. The occupation of these
traps follow Fermi statistics.
interference
(1) a process in which two
waves interact. Interference occurs when the
complex properties of the wave are combined
instead of simply their two amplitudes. The
wave interference can be constructive when
they both have the same phase, or destructive
when they have opposite phases.
(2) a disturbance on a communication sys-
tem caused by the presence of a signal, or
small number of signals, of man made origin.
The interference may be due to the presence
of signals external (other systems) or internal
(e.g., multiple access interference) to the sys-
tem of interest. Compare with
background
noise
.
(3) an interaction whereby a process that
is supposed to be independent (and isolated)
from another process does indeed perform
some action that has an effect visible from the
second process. Interference can be caused
by direct writing to the state of the second
process or by indirect effects, such as by mo-
nopolizing the use of a system module.
(4) any external electrical or electromag-
netic disturbance which causes an undesired
response or degradation of the desired signal.
(5) the mutual influence of two waves
or vibrations of any kind, producing cer-
tain characteristic distorting phenomena, is
known as interference. For example, radio-
frequency interference (RFI) or crosstalk and
intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by in-
terference between successive pulses in an
optical fiber.
interference cancellation
a signal pro-
cessing technique where an interfering sig-
nal is estimated, regenerated based on the es-
timate, and then canceled from the received
signal, leaving a potential interference-free,
desired signal. Examples are multiple ac-
cess interference cancellation, co-channel in-
terference cancellation, echo cancellation.
interference channel
a multiple transmit-
ter, multiple receiver communications sys-
tem in which each received signal is a (pos-
sibly non-deterministic) function of two or
more transmitted signals. See also
broadcast
channel
,
multiple access channel
.
interference to noise ratio (INR)
the total
interference measured at a receiver divided
by the receiver noise power. The INR is a
useful measure for comparing the interfer-
c
2000 by CRC Press LLC