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in-phase signal in quadrature modula- tion, the signal component that multiplies πf c t, where f c is the carrier frequency. INA See incandescent lamp a lamp made by heat- ing a metal filament in vacuum; not a burning incident power power in an electromag- netic wave that is traveling in an incident di- incoherent illumination a type of illu- mination resulting from an infinitely large incoherent light light in which detailed knowledge of the fields at one point in space increment to add a constant value (usu- ally 1) to a variable or a register. Pointers to incremental encoder similar to an abso- lute encoder, except there are several radial incremental gain a system H : X e → X e is said to be Lipschitz continuous, or simply 0(H) < ∞, called incremental gain, such that 0(H ) = sup k(Hx 1 ) T − (Hx 2 ) T k k(x 1 ) T − (x 2 ) T k where the supremum is taken over all 1 , x 2 ∈ X e and all real numbers T for which x 1 T 6= x 2 T . See also incremental model small-sign differ- ential (incremental) semiconductor diode incremental passivity a system H : X e → X e is said to be incrementally pas- sive if hHx 1 − H x 2 , x 1 − x 2 i T ≥ 0 ∀x 1 , x 2 ∈ X e See also incremental resistance the slope dV /dI of the I-V characteristic of a circuit element. incremental strict passivity a system H : X e → X e is said to be incrementally strictly passive if there exist δ such that hHx 1 − H x 2 , x 1 − x 2 i T ≥ δ hx 1 − x 2 , x 1 − x 2 i T ∀x 1 , x 2 ∈ X e See also incrementally linear system a system that has a linear response to changes in the independence a complete absence of any dependence between statistical quanti- p x 1 ,x 2 ,... (x 1 , x 2 , . . .) = p x 1 (x 1 )·p x 2 (x 2 )·. . . . c 2000 by CRC Press LLC |